Week 8 - Parenting, Peer relationships, and Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model Flashcards
Urie Bronfenbrenner - bioecological model of development
The child’s environment is composed of distinctive structures. The model is ecological in the sense that it considers how multiple levels of context influence outcomes.
Microsystem
the immediate environment of a child; it starts with the child’s family and becomes richer and more complex as the child grows older (e.g teachers, peers, neighbourhood)
Mesosystem
the interconnections between different microsystems; supportive mesosystems can be beneficial for the child (e.g in terms of school performance)
Exosystem
environmental settings that a child does not directly experience but they still have an impact on the child’s development, e.g work environment of the parents (policies about parental level, flexible work hours, and on-sited childcare)
Macrosystem
consists of the general beliefs, values, customs, and laws of the general society
Chronosystem
changes over time that influence other systems, e.g access to digital information
Family
a group that involves at least one adult who is related to the child by birth, marriage, adoption, or foster status and who is responsible for providing basic necessities as well as love, support, safety, stability, and opportunities for learning
Family structure
refers to the number of and relationships among the people living in the household.
Recent changes include: living with single or unmarried parents, first-time parents are older than in the past, more children live with grandparents, families are smaller, family structures tend to be more fluid, same-sex parents
older first-time parents tend to…
have more education, high-status occupations, higher incomes, more financial resources for raising a family;
they are more positive in their parenting (lower in harsh behaviours),
they tend to be more responsive, affectionate, and cognitively and verbally stimulating with their children
simple stepfamily household
a new stepparent joints the household
complex / blended stepfamily household
involve a new stepparent and stepsibilings
Family dynamics
how family members interact through various relationships
Socialization
the process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviours that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future roles in their particular culture
Discipline
the set of strategies and behaviours parents use to teach children how to behave appropriately
Internalization
the process through which children learn and accept the reasons for desired behaviour
Reasoning and other-oriented induction have been linked with greater social competence in children.
Discipline techniques that apply too much psychological or physical pressure on children are not effective at promoting internalisation.
Parenting style
the constellation of parenting behaviours and attitudes that set the emotional climate in regard to parent-child interactions; they are considered in two dimensions:
(a) the degree of parental warmth and responsiveness
(b) the degree of parenting control demandingness
Spanking
does not improve children’s behaviours; increases children’s risk for a range of negative outcomes (e.g depression, lower self-esteem, lower cognitive abilities);