Week 8 Neuro/Psych Flashcards
What is the first drug given for an initial seizure intraoperatively?
Benzodiazepine
After seizure has stopped, what drug is most commonly given after a Benzodiazepine?
Keppra 1000-3000mg
What drug classes are included in neurologically active medications?
analgesics, antiepileptics, anti psychotics, anesthetics, and stimulants
What ion channels are involved in seiures?
Na, Ca, K
What causes seizures?
- abnormal ion channels
- excitatory neurotransmitters
- loss of inhibitory neurons
- imbalances of extracellular Ca and K
- abnormal synchronization
How do antiepileptic drugs work?
- by decreasing excitability (altering electrical activity or GABA in a synapse)
OR - enhancing the inhibition of neurotransmitters
What are the indications for tegretol?
seizures, trigeminal and glossopharyngeal neuralgia
Anesthesia considerations for tegratol:
hepatic inducer (increased need of NMB and other anesthetics)
Plasma protein bound
What are side effects of tegretol?
sedation, vertigo, diplopia, hyponatremia, and suppression of WBCs
What are indications for gabapentin?
Chronic pain, diabetic neuropathy, seizures, anxity/depression
What is the MOA for gabapentin?
inhibits voltage gated CA channels in CNS
Side effects of gabapentin:
sedation, ataxia, vertigo, gi disturbances
What is the dosage for gabapentin?
10-60mg/kg daily
T/F gabapentin should be discontinued a week prior to surgery
False, should be continued until preoperative setting
If gabapentin cession in indicated, how should this occur?
1 week taper
What is the MOA of Lamictal?
stabilizes sodium and calcium channels, encouraging the release of neurotransmitters
What are the indications of lamictal?
seizures and Lennox-Gataut syndrome
Side effects of lamictal:
HA, n/v, dizzziness, diplopia, ataxia, tremors, SJS
Should lamictal be discontinued prior to surgery?
no, can increase seizure activity
What is the most common anticonvulsant medication?
Keppra
What is the MOA of Keppra?
Binds to calcium channels to decrease release of NTs
What are indications for Keppra?
epilepsy, seizures, neurosurgery- brain tumor removals
When are barbiturates not indicated as treatment of seizures?
nonconvulsive generalized seizures
What is the MOA of phenobarbital?
increases GABA and inhibits glutamate, prolongs cl channel opening
Is phenobarbital a hepatic inducer?
yes
What are side effects of phenobarbital?
sedation, irritability, excitability, megablastic anemia, nystagmus, ataxia
Why should phenobarbital not be used with halothane?
it can cause halothane necrotizing hepatitis
Why is phenobarbital not used in children?
it can increase the risk of acetaminophen toxicity
What are the indications of phenytoin?
Partial and generalized seizures
What is the MOA of phenytoin?
regulated neuronal excitability by regulating Na and Ca channels, stabilizes cell membranes
Which AEDs cause the need for higher doses of anesthetic drugs?
Tegretol, Phenytoin
Does phenytoin undergo first order or zero order kinetics?
first at <10mcg/mL
zero at >10mcg/mL
What are side effects of phenytoin?
nystagmus, ataxia, diplopia, vertigo, neuropathy, hyperglycemia, gi irritability
What are some examples of benzodiazapines?
midazolam, clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam, clobazapam
What are benzodiazepines used for?
anxiolytic, sedation, muscular relaxant, anticonvulsant effects, also decreases n/v
What receptor do benzos activate?
a subset of GABA, inhibits neuronal firing
What is the first line agent for myoclonic seizures?
benzodiazepines
What benzodiazepine is most frequently used?
Midazolam
What AED causes upregulation of acetylcholine receptors and what does that cause?
Phenytoin, effects NDMB and DMB: can cause release of high levels of potassium or greater response to succs
What is the dose for midazolam?
2.5-5mg/IV (up to 15mg for status epilepticus)
How long must a seizure occur to be considered status epilepticus?
greater than 5 minutes
How should status epilepticus be managed?
upper airway management, O2
IV access, benzo, AED drug
Do ketamine and propofol increase or decrease the risk of seizure?
increase, can actually mimic seizure like phenomenon
What are the effects of benzos and barbs on AEDs?
interactive, decreasing metabolism
What are the effects of inhaled anesthetics on seizures threshold?
decreases threshold
How does ethanol affect volatile agents?
volatiles must compete with the same GABA receptors as ethanol, competitive inhibition
What surgeries sometimes use cocaine?
ENTs
What type of patients are frequently under the influence of illegal substances?
trauma
Serotonin: head, red, fed
Head: satisfaction, sociality, migraine, decreased anxiety, impulsivity, sex
Red: inhibits platelets and bleeding
Fed: Gi motility, naused
How long do SSRIs take to work?
4-6 weeks
If stopped causes brain zap
What SSRI has the longest 1/2 life?
prozac/fluoxetine
MOA of Sertraline
SSRI, squirtraline (diarrhea, take w/ food),
What SSRI is recommended for pregnant women?
sertraline
What is unique about paroxetine?
very rapidly absorbed
High doses of citalopram can cause:
prolonged QTc
What drug treats OCD?
fluvoxamine
What are the three drugs that increase serotonin and norepi?
venlafaxine, mirtazapine, and duloxetine