Week 8 - Intelligence

Question 1

What is Intelligence?

Answer 1

Application: of cognitive skills and the knowledge to learn, solve problems, and obtain end that are valued by an individual or culture.

Question 2

What are three factors of Intelligence?

Answer 2

(1) Intelligence is Multifaceted (many domains), (2) Functional (applied for many situations) and (3) Culturally shaped (value created)

Question 3

What is the Brief history of Intelligence

Answer 3

Deeply flawed, initially assessed using correlation of skull/head shape, head size/capacity and brain part size (corpus callosum).

Question 4

Who was Sir Francis Galton? (with regards to intelligence)

Answer 4

Developed Psychometric testing to measure cognitive abilities relative to the population, suggesting people should be bred based on the outcomes (eugenics).

Question 5

Who was Alfred Binet?

Answer 5

French Psychologist developed Binet’s Scale to measure school children’s Intelligence using the concept of Mental Age (MA) to determine where extra assistance was needed.

Question 6

Who was Lewis Terman and what was his role in IQ testing?

Answer 6

Developed the initial IQ tests (Stanford-Binet), and convinced the US army to use the 3 forms of IQ tests (alpha - literate, beta - illiterate, and oral - subjective) on millions of soldiers

Question 7

Who was Cyril Burt?

Answer 7

Developed the idea of separating people into intelligent based classes by studying twins, although his worked was innately flawed.

Question 8

Explain the Wechsler Intelligence scale?

Answer 8

WISC-V (children) and WAIS-IV (adults) are two form of the test, which involve subsets to test individuals intelligence of the same age population.

Question 9

What are four subsets of the WAIS-IV?

Answer 9

VCI - Verbal comprehension Index (vocab)
PSI - Processing speed index (coding)
PRI - Perceptual reasoning index (puzzles)
WMI - Working memory index (arithmetic)

Question 10

Characterise the Extremes of Intelligence?

Answer 10

Intelligence Impairment scores less than 70, and may results from biology, genetics, or environment. Intelligence giftedness is scores about 130, and includes creativity (produce novel value) in academic, music, athletic and social abilities.

Question 11

What is Divergent thinking in regards to creativity?

Answer 11

The ability to produce multiple solutions to a given situation, which indicates creativity.

Question 12

What are two important factors IQ tests should include?

Answer 12

Validity (measure intelligence) and Reliability (produces consistent results).

Question 13

What are two criticism of IQ tests?

Answer 13

Lack of theoretical basis (what is intelligence) and Culturally Biased (need to make ‘culture free’ and ‘culture fair’ tests).

Question 14

What are three approaches to Intelligence?

Answer 14

Psychometric approach
Information-processing approach
Contemporary approaches.

Question 15

Explain Psychometric approach to Intelligence?

Answer 15

Statistical in nature, which aims at finding an underlying common factors (correlations) amongst multiple tests.

Question 16

Name three types of Psychometric testing?

Answer 16

Two factors theory (Charles Spearman - general and specific intelligence).
Three-stratum theory (differentiate narrow, broad and general cognitive abilities).
Gf-Gc theory (Cattell-Horn-Carroll - fluid and crystalline intelligence).

Question 17

Explain Fluid and Crystalline Intelligence?

Answer 17

Fluid intelligence includes working memory, processing ability and skills in identifying analogies/pattern and inferences).
Crystalline intelligence concerns knowledge base, which increases with age).

Question 18

Explain Information-processing approach to intelligence?

Answer 18

Aims to distinguish between intelligent and non-intelligent individuals by assessing speed of processing, knowledge base, and ability to learn and apply mental processes.

Question 19

Name three different Contemporary approaches to Intelligence?

Answer 19

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence
Emotional Intelligence (Goleman’s).

Question 20

Explain Triarchic Theory?

Answer 20

Aims to measure the overlap of analytical (mental processing ability to solve problems), Creative (coping with novel situations and ability to learn new responses), Practical Intelligence (Judgement ability for practical situations).

Question 21

What are the factors of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence? Briefly explain?

Answer 21

Logic/Mathematics - Scientific/problem solving
Spatial - Perceive spatial relationships
Social - emotions and motivation
Musical - Sounds/Rhythm
Verbal/Linguistic - Sounds and meaning
Bodily/Kinaesthetic - movements 
Intrapersonal - Self awareness
Naturalistic - Understanding of Natures patterns and processes.

Question 22

Define Emotional Intelligence?

Answer 22

The ability to judge other’s emotions and self-control one’s own emotions.

Question 23

Discuss briefly the relationship between inherited and learn intelligence using Twins and environment?

Answer 23

Environment has been shown to impact Intelligence through traumatic events and demographic status. MZ twins (1.0 - identical) indicate that genetics/biology play a major role in intelligence, and DZ twins and siblings show both genetics and environment play a major roles on Intelligence.

Question 24

Explain group differences in IQ?

Answer 24

Differences exist between different groups of people, although many factors such as education, poverty, culture, and test-taking attitudes have a major impact.

Question 25

What is the Flynn Effect?

Answer 25

The tendency for mean IQ to increase by 3 points every decade.

Question 26

What are the limitation of IQ? and what does IQ indicate?

Answer 26

IQ indicates educational success, although it is limited in its ability to lack theoretical underpinning, innate cultural biases and limited scope.