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ED Primary Exam > Week 8 - Head and Neck Anatomy > Flashcards

Week 8 - Head and Neck Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Be able to identify/outline bones of the skull:

A

Draw out/label diagram

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2
Q

What is the rule of 4’s RE cranial nerve origins?

A

First 4 = above the pons

Middle 4 = Pons

Last 4 = below pons

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2
Q

What artery supplies the majority of the face?

A

External carotid

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3
Q

What are the branches of the external carotid artery?

A

S: superior thyroid artery
A: ascending pharyngeal artery
L: lingual artery
F: facial artery
O: occipital artery
P: posterior auricular artery
M: maxillary
S: superficial temporal artery

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4
Q

What are the arteries that anastomose at the Kiesselbach plexus to supply the nose?

A
  • Anterior ethmoidal
  • Posterior ehtmoidal
  • Sphenopalatine
  • Superior labial
  • Greater palatine
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5
Q

Where do the terminal branches of the facial nerve appear in the face?

A

Parotid gland (anterior border)

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6
Q

What are the branches of the facial nerve from superior to inferior?

**To Zanzibar by motor car

A

Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal mandibular
Cervical

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7
Q

What muscles in the face are NOT supplied by the facial nerve?

A

Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
Masseter
Temporalis

**Muscles of mastication

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8
Q

What bones make up the orbit?

A

Roof = frontal
Medial = maxilla + ethmoid, sphenoid, lacrimal
Inferior = zygomatic and zygomatic process of maxilla
Lateral = zygomatic bone

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9
Q

What supplies sensory innervation to the face?

A

Trigeminal nerve - V1, V2, V3

Ophthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular branches

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10
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the face?

A

Veins follow the path of arteries, eventually terminating the external jugular vein –> subclavian vein

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11
Q

How does the optic nerve enter the cranium? What travels with it?

A

Optic canal, ophthalmic arteries

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12
Q

What structures traverse the superior orbital fissure?

A

Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
Abducens nerve

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13
Q

Where do V2 and V3 of trigeminal nerve traverse?

Think round!

A

V2 = foramen rotundum
V3 = foramen ovale

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14
Q

Where does CN VII exit?

A

Through internal acoustic meatus in temporal bone and out through stylomastoid foramen

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15
Q

What structures pass via the jugular foramen?

A

CN IX, X, XI
Jugular vein

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16
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve leave the skull?

A

Hypoglossal canal

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17
Q

What is the innervation of the extra ocular muscles of the eye?

A

Superior oblique = Trochlear nerve
Lateral rectus = Abducens

The rest = oculomotor

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18
Q

What are the actions of superior rectus?

A

Elevates eye, intorsion, adduction

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19
Q

What are the actions of inferior rectus?

A

Depression, extorsion, adduction

20
Q

What is the action of medial and lateral rectus?

A

Medial = adduction
Lateral = abduction

21
Q

What is special about the superior oblique?

A

It passes through the trochlear on medial aspect of orbital wall before changing direction to insert onto orbit

22
Q

What are the actions of the superior oblique?

A

Abduction, depression, intorsion

23
Q

What are the actions of the inferior oblique muscle?

A

Abduction, elevation, extorsion

24
Q

What is the anterior chamber?

A

Space between cornea and iris

25
Q

What is the posterior chamber?

A

Area between iris and lens posteriorly

26
Q

Where is aqueous humor produced?

A

Posterior chamber of eye

27
Q

What are the layers of the eyeball from superficial to deep?

A

1) Connective tissue layer
2) Fibrous layer - sclera and cornea
3) Vascular layer - choroid, ciliary body and iris
4) Inner layer - retina

28
Q

What paraympathetically controlled muscles in the eye?

A

Sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscle

29
Q

What is the sympathetically controlled muscle of eye?

A

Dilator pupillae

30
Q

What is the position of the lens relative to the iris?

A

Posterior to the iris

31
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for movement of the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal - CNXII

32
Q

What is the distribution of taste sensation in the tongue?

A

Anterior 2/3 via V2 chora tympani nerve, posterior 1/3 via glossopharyngeal

33
Q

What are the cartilages of the larynx?

A

3 single:
- Thyroid
- Cricoid
- Epiglottis

3 paired:
- 2x Arytenoids (pitcher shaped, sitting on top of the cricoid)
- 2x corniculates (pointy bits on top of the arytenoids)
- 2x cuneiforms ( on top of corniculates, part of quadrangular membrane which attaches the arytenoids to the epiglottis)

34
Q

What are the 3 layers of the deep fascia of the neck?

A

1) Investing (‘all the way round’)
2) Pre-tracheal/buccopharyngeal (anterior aspect)
3) Prevertebral (enclosing vertebrae and surrounding muscles)

35
Q

What constitutes the retro-pharyngeal space?

A

Space between pre-tracheal and pre-vertebral fascia.

Extending from base of skull to posterior mediastinum

36
Q

What are the contents of the carotid sheath?

A

Common + internal carotid arteries
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve
Sympathetic nerve fibres

37
Q

What are the 9 cartilages which make up the larynx?

3 paired
3 single

A

Paired:
- Arytenoid
- Corniculate
- Cuneiform

Single:
- Thyroid
- Cricoid
- Epiglottic

38
Q

What is the function of extrinsic laryngeal muscles? What are they?

A

To move larynx as a whole

Infrahyoid and suprahyoid muscles

39
Q

What is the only airway muscles that ABduct the vocal cords?

A

Posterior crico-arytenoid muscles

40
Q

What muscles adduct the vocal cords?

A

Lateral crico-arytenoids
Transverse and oblique arytenoids

41
Q

What muscle stretches and tenses vocal ligaments?

A

Cricothyroid muscle

42
Q

What muscle relaxes the vocal ligaments?

A

Thyro-arytenoids
Vocalis

43
Q

What is the innervation of the muscles of the airway?

A

CN X - Vagus

All by recurrent laryngeal nerve except for the cricothyroid muscle which is innervated by external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

44
Q

What are the branches of the external carotid artery?

SALFOPMS - Some anatomists love freaking out medical students

A

Superior thyroid artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Lingual artery
Facial artery
Posterior auricular artery
Maxillary artery
Superficial temporal artery

45
Q

What is the course of the right and left phrenic nerves?

A

Originate C3,4,5 (keep the diaphragm alive!)

Forms lateral border of anterior scalene
Descends with IJV across anterior scalene

LEFT = cross anterior to first part of subclavian
RIGHT = lies on anterior scalene and cross second part of subclavian

Both sides then run posterior to subclavian vein and enter superior mediastinum

RIGHT = passes over brachiocephalic artery, crosses anterior to root of R lung and leaves thorax via caval hiatus

LEFT = descends between subclavian and LEFT common carotid, crossing anterior to arch of aorta, ANTERIOR to left vagus nerve, anterior to root of L lung and runs across fibrous pericardium to to diaphragm

46
Q

Outline course of right and left vagus nerves?

A

R vagus nerve enters thorax anterior to right subclavian artery, gives of recurrent laryngeal.

Continues to run posteroinferiorly through superior mediastinum on right side of trachea, then posteriorly to R brachiocephalic vein, SVC and root of right lung

R vagus nerve forms pulmonary plexus and then reforms as single nerve to traverse diaphragm and then for oesophageal plexus

L vagus nerve descends to enter mediastinum behind left common carotid and left subclavian artery

Posterior to root of L lung, and does the same as the right to pass through diaphragm

47
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the neck?

A

Superficial cervical LN –> inferior deep cervical LN –> supraclavicular LN –> jugular lymphatic trunk –> thoracic duct on LEFT or junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins on right

48
Q
A

ED Primary Exam (46 decks)

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