Week 8: Everyday Memory

Question 1

According to Black & Aaliyah, what are the three main functions of autobiographical memory?

Answer 1

1. Social - allows us to bond through shared memories
2. Directive - used to guide future action
   3.Self - creates a sense of self & identity

Question 2

True or false?
Autobiographical memory consists of episodic and semantic memory?

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Episodic autobiographical memories are associated with activation in which two areas of the brain?

Answer 3

Occipital cortex and lateral parietal cortex

Question 4

Semantic autobiographical memories are associated with activation in which two areas of the brain?

Answer 4

Medial and inferior temporal cortex

Question 5

Both semantic & episodic autobiographical memories are associated with activation in which areas of the brain?

Answer 5

Hippocampus, lateral temporal cortex

Question 6

What is the difference between autobiographical and episodic memory?

Answer 6

Autobiographical focuses on events of personal significance.
Episodic memory focuses on trivial events

Question 7

Memory for the past is known as ____ memory and memory for the future is known as _____ memory

Answer 7

Past - retrospective
Future - prospective

Question 8

True or false?
Retrospective memory includes memory for people, words and events from the past.
Prospective memory is remembering to carry out some intended action

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Is monitoring more active in time based tasks or event based tasks?

Answer 9

Event based

Question 10

What is the reminiscence bump and what age are the highest amount of memories sourced from?

Answer 10

the tendency for older adults to have an increased recollection of events that happened during adolescence and early childhood

Ages 10-30 has the highest number of memories

Question 11

What is infantile amnesia?

Answer 11

The near total lack of memories from the first three years of life

Question 12

What are the two stages of infantile amnesia?

Answer 12

1. absolute amnesia for the first few years of life
2. relative amnesia for the early school years

Question 13

Infantile amnesia is thought to be caused by what two things?

Answer 13

Lack of development of the cognitive self and hippocampal neurogenesis hindering memory formation

Question 14

What two things are thought to be factors in autobiographical memories?

Answer 14

Life script & transitions

Question 15

What is flashbulb memory?

Answer 15

Vivid, long lasting autobiographical memories for important, dramatic and surprising public events

Question 16

What 6 factors are remembered in flashbulb memories?

Answer 16

1. The person who told the news
2. How you first found out it occurred
3. The place you were in
4. What you were doing at the time
5. The emotional state of yourself and those around you
6. the consequences for the individual

Question 17

How are flashbulb memories similar to everyday memories?

Answer 17

Show similar patterns of forgetting - rapid forgetting in first year, very little after.

Participants have high confidence in accuracy of memories

Question 18

What are the two parts of the self memory system by Conway 2005 and 3 subcategories of part a?

Answer 18

The conceptual self and episodic memories.

The conceptual self includes themes, lifetime periods and general events

Question 19

Describe Conway’s 2016 remembering imagining system

Answer 19

Remembering is also about the projection of information into future states

Question 20

Describe the working self

Answer 20

Consists of conceptual self plus the individual’s goal system

Question 21

What are the two methods of autobiographical memory retrieval?

Answer 21

Generative retrieval - deliberating constructing memories by applying the working self

Direct retrieval - memories are retrieved effortless or automatically

Question 22

When is top down and bottom up processes used in general and direct retrieval?

Answer 22

General - top down processes
Direct - bottom up (taking in environment stimuli)

Question 23

What are the roles of the following in autobiographical memory?
Medial Temporal Lobe Network
Medial Prefrontal Cortex
Fronto Parietal Network
Cingulo-Operculum Network

Answer 23

Medial Temporal Lobe Network
Construction & elaboration of AM and declarative memory conscious recollection

Medial Prefrontal Cortex
Construction & elaboration of AM and self-referential processing

Fronto Parietal Network
Construction of AM and adaptive controlled processing

Cingulo-Operculum Network
Construction of AM and with goal maintenance

Question 24

What is a prospective memory failure?

Answer 24

Forgetting to do something that you had planned or missing a cue while performing a primary or ongoing task

Question 25

What are two examples of prospective memory failure avoidance techniques?

Answer 25

Checklists
Diaries

Question 26

What are the three theories of prospective memory failures?

Answer 26

Multi process framework by Weinstein & Daniel 2005

The dual pathway model by McDaniel et al. 2015

The dynamic multi process framework by Shelton & Scullin 2017