Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

3009PSY Abnormal > week 8 > Flashcards

week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

prevelance of any illicit drug use in past year-

A 
12-15 year olds: ~5-10%
16-17 yolds: ~20-25%
18-19 yolds: ~30-35%
20-29yolds: ~30-35%
30-39 yolds = ~20%
40+ = ~5-10%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Legal Status
psychoactive substances can be classified into how many groups?
what are the groups?

A

Medications

  • -Available via prescription only
  • –eg.Morphine

Illegal / Illicit Use

  • —Use and possession is unlawful for non-medical purposes
  • —-eg—-Heroin, cannabis, d-LSD25, amphetamine

Legal
Use for any purpose, including non-medical is lawful
egAlcohol, tobacco, caffeine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Harmful Effects of Substances

4 categories

A

Harmful effects can be grouped into four categories
Chronic Health Effects
Cirrhosis, Lung cancer

Acute / Short Term Biological Effects
Overdose, Impaired judgement

Acute Social Problems
Relationship breakup, arrest

Chronic Social Problems
Problems in work life, problems in family role

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

WHO Definitions

harmful use and hazardous use

A

Harmful Use
A pattern of psychoactive substance use that is causing damage (physical or psychological) to health.

Hazardous Use
A pattern of psychoactive substance use that increases risk of harmful consequences for the user.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

WHO Definitions

Substance Abuse

A

Substance Abuse
Persistent or sporadic use inconsistent with or unrelated to current medical practice. A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress
—Failure to fulfill major role obligations
—Use in situations where it is physically hazardous
—Recurrent legal problems
—Continued use despite problematic consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tolerance

A

Either…
A need for increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or the desired effect; or
Markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Withdrawal

A 
Either:
 The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the substance; or
  The same (or closely related) substance is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Substance Dependence (DSM)

A

Three or more of the following in the same 12 month period

  • -Tolerance
  • -Withdrawal
  • -Substance taken in larger amounts, or for longer periods than intended
  • -Desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down on use
  • -Excessive time spent in activities related to the substance
  • -Reduction in important social, occupational, etc. activities
  • -Continued use despite negative consequences of use.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Other Features

A

Narrowing of interest
Narrowing of social circle
Rapid reinstatement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Rapid Reinstatement

A

“An addict may be ten years off junk, but he can get a new habit in less than a week; whereas someone who has never been addicted would have to take two shots a day for two months to get any habit at all.”

William S. Burroughs, Junky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Psych Mechanisms:

Classical Conditioning

A

Associative learning between drug cues and drug use.
Automatic elicitation of urges to use through associated cues
>e.g., Increase in urges to drink alcohol when others are drinking
>e.g., Increase in urges to smoke when seeing a film with an actor smoking.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Reinforcement of substance use
>Positive reinforcement of drug use through subjective positive effects (e.g., euphoria) – Speed of effect
>Negative reinforcement of drug use through removal of negative emotional states (e.g., reduction in anxiety).
>Punishment of refusal (e.g., through increased urges, frustration, anger, etc.).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Modelling

A

Modelling of drug use behaviour by significant others
>Observing positive effects in friends
>Children witnessing drug use behaviour in adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Expectancies

A

Cognitions involving conditional statements regarding the effect of the substance
>If I have a cigarette, then I will feel more relaxed
>If I have a drink, then I will become more sociable
>If I have a pill, then I will have a better time.
>If I don’t smoke a joint, then my friends will think I am a nerd.
>If I don’t shoot up, then I am going to go into withdrawal and that will be unbearable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Refusal Self-Efficacy

A

An individual’s beliefs about their ability to refuse a substance under different conditions.
>If I am at a pub then there is no way I can refuse a drink
>If I am really angry after a hard day at work then I cannot go without a stiff whiskey
>Even if my friends are passing a joint, I can still say no.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

High Risk Situations

A

Situations in which the individual’s ability to abstain from substance use are reduced
>Driving past the pub
>Going out with certain friends
>Cooking using wine

Idiosyncratic to individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Seemingly Irrelevant Decisions

A

Decisions made without full conscious awareness that place the individual in high risk situations
»Having the choice to go to a number of parties, but choosing to attend one where other substance-users are present
»Having the choice to drive home via many different routes, but choosing to drive home past a bottle shop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Abstinence Violation Effect

A

> > The tendency to continue substance use once abstinence has been violated
Cognitions that equate lapse with relapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Major Classes of Substances

A

Stimulants

depressants

hallucinogens

opioids

20
Q

Alcohol

A

In Australia
>9% drink daily
>41% drink weekly
>34% drink less than weekly
These figures have been constant since 1991
>35% of adults drink to levels that increase risk of health problems
>In 2004-5FY the government made $5 billion in revenue from sale of alcohol

21
Q

Costs of Alcohol Use in Australia

A

($AUD millions)

road accidents : 1875.5 
Crime: 1,235.3
Health: 225
lost production in the workplace: 1949.9
lost production in the home: 402.6
22
Q

Severe Alcohol Withdrawal

A 
Delirium Tremens (“DTs”)
Commencing a few hours after cessation
Peaking 48-72 hours later
Life-threatening in up to 35% of cases
Symptoms
Seizure
Confusion
Hallucinations
Severe agitation
23
Q

Alcohol Safe-Use Guidelines

A

Men
≤ 4 standard drinks per day; and
≤ 6 standard drinks in any one day; and
1 or 2 alcohol free days per week

Women
≤ 2 standard drinks per day; and
≤ 4 standard drinks in any one day; and
1 or 2 alcohol free days per week

24
Q

weed

A 
In Australia...
Cannabis is the most
	commonly used illicit drug.
34% of adults have tried cannabis.
Cannabis accounts for 71% of illicit drug arrests
25
Cannabis Effects
``` Sense of well-being and relaxation Intensification of sensory experience Increased heart rate and blood pressure Dry mouth Increased appetite Sedation Bronchodilation Anxiety Paranoia Changes in subjective time Memory effects ```
26
Heroin - overdose rates
In Australia... 46% of IV drug users have overdosed at some time.
27
Opiate Effects
``` Intense euphoria Analgesia Sedation Sluggish movement and reflexes Pupil constriction Slowed respiration ```
28
Amphetamine
In Australia... 9% of those over 14 have tried amphetamine 3% of those over 14 have used amphetamine in the last year
29
Stimulant Effects
``` Euphoria, well-being Confidence Increased activity Talkativeness Improved attention Alertness, wakefulness Increased heart rate, respiration rate Increased body temperature (‘hyperthermia’) Appetite suppression ```
30
Effects of Large Doses
``` Unlike other substances (e.g., cannabis), sufficiently large doses of amphetamine will produce psychotic symptoms in all users Paranoid delusions Agitation Confusion Compulsive symptoms, stereotypies ```
31
CocaineCoke, Charlie, Crack, White, Blow
In Australia... Less widely used than in USA Increased availability since 1990s
32
Stimulant Effects
``` Euphoria, well-being Confidence Increased activity Talkativeness Improved attention Alertnesss, wakefulness Increased heart rate, respiration rate Increased body temperature (‘hyperpyrexia’) Appetite suppression Local anaesthesia ```
33
MDMAEcstacy, E, Pills
``` In Australia... MDMA use has steadily increased 7.5% have tried MDMA (2004) 3.4% have used MDMA in the last month The mean age of first use of MDMA is 22.8 years ```
34
Ecstasy Use in Past Year by age group 2007 data
``` 12-15 ~0-2% 16-17 ~2-4% 18-19 ~8.5% (6-12%) 20-29 ~12% (11-14%) 30-39% ~4% 40+ ~ 0-1% ```
35
overall percent using in past year (ecstasy)
``` 1991 - 1 93 - 1.5 95 - 1 98 - 2.5 2001 - 3 2004 - 3.5 ```
36
MDMA Effects
``` Euphoria Enhanced empathy Enhanced interoceptive perception Pupil dilation Reduced appetite Dry mouth Tachycardia Hyperthermia Polydipsia ```
37
mdma midweek blues
come down | saturday - take pills - wednesday = highest depression scores
38
Lysergic AcidLSD, Acid, Trips
In Australia... Low prevalence compared with other drugs Low abuse and dependence rates
39
Hallucinogen Effects
``` Visual hallucinations --Geometric shapes, patterns, movement, traces Increased intensity of stimuli ---Enhancement of colour Synaesthesia Depersonalization and derealisation Appetite suppression Euphoria Subjective insightfulness Paranoia Anxiety, panic (‘bad trip’) ```
40
Elephants on Acid
West, Pierce & Thomas (1962) LSD administration to Tusky the Elephant 297mg (approx 3000x normal human dose) “Tusky reacted as if he had been shot by a gun. He trumpeted around his pen for a few minutes and then keeled over.”
41
Hallucinatory Movement
Optical Illusions that simulate typical illusory movements
42
Treatment of Substance Problems Harm Minimization
Based upon recognition of substance use as a pervasive behaviour observed in all societies throughout history Rather than aiming for abstinence, focus is on attempting to reduce risk of harm through continued use. ---Shooting galleries, needle exchanges, legalisation of substances Controversy, ignorance and denial
43
Transtheoretical Model
``` precontemplation contemplation preparation action maintenance ``` going back up the path = relapse, down -= progress
44
Motivational Interviewing
Aims to assist a person in moving towards action and abstinence - Examination of advantages and disadvantages of continued use versus change in behaviour - Examination of likely long-term trajectory of current use patterns - Examination of compatibility of current use pattern with long-term goals - Attempts to reach a commitment for change
45
Aversive Conditioning
Application of aversive consequences for substance use behaviours Disulfiram (“Antabuse”) ---Produces unpleasant reaction when alcohol is consumed ---Inhibits metabolism of acetaldehyde ----Flushing, nausea, headache -----“Instant hangover” Problems Poor generalization Planned drinking after non-adherence to disulfiram
46
Stimulus Control
Reduction or elimination of stimuli associated with substance use Avoiding pubs Ensuring that alcohol is absent from the home Reducing contact with other users
47
Cue Exposure
``` Following period of stimulus avoidance Graduated exposure to cues that are associated with substance use --Extinction processes ---Increases in refusal self-efficacy ----Rehearsal of refusal behaviours. ```

3009PSY Abnormal (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions