Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

3s1: Evolution of health and disease > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are mathmatical models?

A

Using mean, median, mode etc
To model relationships and differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of models?

A

To help us understand:
Past
Present
Future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an example of models for understanding the past?

A

Used to estimate the effects of non-phamaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in Europe?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What was the estimated effect of non-phamaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in Europe?

A

Lockdowns- ~80 reduction in transmissions
Reducing public events, school closure, self isolation and social distancing all around 5% reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an example of understanding the present?

A

Modelling Uk infections of COVID-19 showing fluctuations with a general decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an example of understanding the future?

A

Using models to predict the behaviour of COVID infections
Susceptible people –> Infected –> Resistant
Susceptible and resistant –> Escape variant –> resistant to new varient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What challenges does future modelling present?

A

spread available vaccines to more people in single doses?
or - complete two-dose regimes?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the effects of vaccinating more with a single dose?

A

decrease n infections circulating
reduce reproductive number of all variants (reduces S)
potentially increase probability of transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does future modelling impact future policy?

A

Resistance after one vs two doses
Impact on the number of severe cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is needed to commicate models?

A

Trustworthiness - product of people, systems and processes within organisations that enable and support production of stats and data
Quality - stats fits their intended uses are based on appropriate data and methods, and are materially misleading
Value - statistics and data are useful, easy to access, remain relevant and support understanding of important issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do real-world social networks influence measures used to combat the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus?

A

Network derived from high-resolution GPS data, from citizen science-generated social network:
Seen in BBC’s ‘Contagion! The BBC Four Pandemic’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an overview of BBC’s contagion?

A

Data collected in autumn 2017 - to simulate the spread of a highly infectious flu
Hannah Fry acted as ‘Patient Zero’ by walking the streets of Haslemere in Surrey to launch an outbreak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the context for BBC’s contagion?

A

In absence of vaccine
Isolation of symptomatic individuals & quarantining of their contacts
High reproduction number in early outbreak
High transmission from pre- and asymptomatic individuals
Similar to early Covid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How did BBC’s contagion measure spread of disease?

A

Used public dataset on human social interactions
Contact = dyads ≥ 1 daily 5 min at ≤ 4m
Tested effects of:
test, trace, isolation and quarantine
social distancing strategy
‘test and release’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What were the main conclusion of BBC’s contagion?

A

No control – 75% population infected within 70days
Isolation of infected individuals - 66%
Primary contact tracing (+ quarantine) – 48%*
Secondary contact tracing (+ quarantine) – 16%*
*results in large numbers of people in quarantine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the effects of social distancing measures?

A

High social distancing reduced overall cases by 28-61%
Led to lower proportion of quarantine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are key factors for limiting spread?

A

Tracing and quarantining contacts of contacts (secondary)
Combining social distancing with contact tracing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What were the limitations for BBC’s contagion?

A

Data from single small town
Short period of time
Not everyone involved in the town (<13 years old excluded)
Pre-covid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is an overview of transmissibility, prevalence and patterns of movement?

A

Central to:
Impact of pandemic
Design of effective control strategies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an overview of evolutionary trees for pandemics?

A

Key insights into spread of SARS-CoV-2
Investigation of individual outbreaks
Transmission chains in specific settings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the use of phylodynamics for pandemics?

A

Track virus genetic changes
Identify emerging variants
Inform public health strategy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is an overview of multiple sequence allignment?

A

Alligne DNA sequences of different organisms and compared the differences to judge the base sequence and the evolutionary tree

23
Q

What is an overview of the information that goes into making models?

A

Location of case, important or local, nosocial/occupational infections, phenotypes and increased transmissibility, re-infections or chronic infections, phylogenies and epidemiology

24
Q

What information is used from models on infectious diseases?

A

Decisions on public health
Epidemiological parameters
Clinical parameters

25
What are examples of R numbers model parameters of SARS-Cov-2?
Australia - 24/03/20 -- 29/04/20 R = 1.08 Iceland - 18/03/20 -- 29/04/20 R = 1.4 Taiwan - 27/03/20 -- 29/04/20 R = 1.02
26
What is an overview of the convergent evolution in Covid?
Convergent evolution of SARS-Cov-2 spike protein Phylogenies of first year of the pandemic show the independant emergence of spike deltaH69/19 in genomes of B.1.1.7 and B.1.258 lineages
27
What is an overview of cancer?
A disease involving unregulated cell growth Cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors Invade nearby parts of the body Cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the body Through the lymphatic system of bloodstream.
28
What are hallmarks of cancer?
Tissue invasion and metastasis Inflammatory microenvironment Insensitivity of growth inhibitors Self-sufficiency in growth signals Limitless replicative potential Sustained angiogenesis Evasion of apoptosis
29
What is the evolution of cancer?
Cancer has existed as long as animals. An Osteosarcoma has been identified in a 150 million year old dinosaur bone. Cancer is found across many taxa
30
What is the history of cancer discovery?
Cancer was described by Hippocrates (ca 460-ca 370 BC) calling them “carcinos” (crab) The first cause of cancer identified by British surgeon Percivall Pott - in 1775 Cancer of the scrotum common in London chimney sweeps Historical records of cancer incidence are unreliable – has cancer incidence increased over time?
31
What modern life factors increase cancer risk?
Less sunlight exposure More migration Children are protected from infection Longer life More carcinogen exposure Change in diet
32
What is an overview of the research into cancer incidence by Armitage and Doll?
Age-incidence curves of most common epithelial cancers show rapidly increasing rates after the 4th–5th decades of life
33
What is the overvire of Leslie Foulds and neoplastic development?
Foulds traces the rudimentary beginnings of the tumor progression concept Followed thoughts first expressed by Haaland in 1911, Rous and Beard (1935) and H. S. N. Greene(1940). But Foulds first thought out and clearly expressed the principles of tumor progression
33
What was Armitage and Doll number of events for tumour development?
Classic mathematical models of tumour development developed by Armitage and Doll (1954) suggested that 5–8 rate-limiting events required to generate these patterns
34
What are the stages of human colorectal cancer development?
Normal epithelium --> Hyperproliferative epithelium --> Small adenoma --> Large ademoma --> Colon carcinoma
35
What are examples of mutations in human colorectal cancer that lead to next stage?
Normal epithelium --> Hyperproliferative epithelium --> APC mutation Small adenoma --> Large adenoma --> K-ras mutation
36
What is an overview of cancer cell initial development?
10^13 cells in the human body. One cell can become a cancer and kill the patient. Cancer clone evolution occurs within a tissue ecosystem that is set up to avoid cancer development
37
What is the balance of regular cells for becoming cancer cells?
Many normal process have properties similar to those of cancer: Self renewal Angiogenesis Cell migration Invasion
38
What are contraints to cancer growth?
Immune system; cell mortality; resource limitations; oxygen supply; compartmentalisation
39
What is the difference between cancer and tumour doubling times?
Doubling time of cancer cells (1-2 days) is orders of magnitude less than the doubling time of a tumour (60-200 days); implying that most cancer cells die
40
What factors promote cancer development?
Carcinogen exposure; genetics; absence of diet/exercise; infection; hormonal levels; radiation exposure; chemotherapy
41
What is the process of cancer evolution?
A process of clonal evolution eg mutates for survival then proliferate then small population evovle chemotherapy eg Treatments can prune off non-drug resistant cancers leaving only drug resistant strains
42
What happens in the evolution of cancer?
Bottlenecks/selective pressure Progentitor cell --> some become cancerous --> treatments further bottleneck population
43
What does evolution of cancer mean for issues for treatment?
Influence of ecosystem Need for ‘Darwinian bypass’, e.g. target normal cells supporting the cancer
44
What is an overview of the clonal evolution of cancer with topographical seperation?
Foetal B lineage --> Intraplacental vascular anastomoses --> Monozygotic twins with concordant leukaemia Embryonic germ cell progenitor --> Urogenital ridge migration/testis morphogenesis --> Bilateral testicular cancer
45
What are used to sequence cancer?
Genome sequencing --> decreased hugely allowing for genome sequencing on a large scale
46
How has DNA sequencing allowed for greater understanding of breast cancer?
Differences in mutations occurance TP53 example of commonaly mutated STK11 rarely mutated
47
What can be the difference between cancer within a person?
Analysis of 100 single cells from a polygenomic breast tumour Shows a great genetic diveristy of genotype In example - 3 major subtumours within the cancer
48
What is an example of transmissible cancer?
Devil facial tumour disease
49
What is an overview of Devil facial tumour disease?
Spreads through devils fighting Slowly spread across Tasmania first indentified in 1996 Caused population decline by 80%
50
What was the response to the spread of Devil facial tumour disease?
Mitochondrial variants in cancer shows 21 different subtypes Strong selective pressure on Devil's showed that they have evolved resistance and to reproduce earlier, noticed in 2005 Selective pressure on cancer to become less severe noticed in 2015
51
How have tasmanian devils become resistant to DFTD?
Rapid evolutionary response to DFTD. Identifed two genomic regions containing genes (related to immune function / cancer risk in humans) that exhibit concordant signatures of selection across three populations
52

3s1: Evolution of health and disease (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions