Week 8 Flashcards
what is the diff bw the Job Satisfaction Scale vs the Job Descriptive Index?
JSS: bayfield and rothe, “i find real enjoyment in my job.”
JDI: smith et al., examines satisfaction with diff aspects of work (pay, coworkers, work itself).
there is a ___ relationship bw work and WB. what does this depend on?
positive (r = 0.11 for occ status, 0.35-40 for job satisfaction).
depends on how work is operationalized.
what are the 2 work-WB relationship explanations from Week 7?
- monetary desire-fulfillment theory
- human nature approach
describe csikszentmihalyi’s theory of flow (3 necessary conditions)
- activity with clear goals and progress.
- clear + immediate feedback.
- good balance bw perceived challenges and perceived skills.
flow positively related to WB, if work has flow then positively related to WB.
supporting evidence:
- while leisure is more pleasurable than work, more flow while engaged in work.
what is flow?
flow: a positive, pleasurable experience.
-lose self-reflective awareness.
-intense focus on present moment.
-merging action and awareness.
-agency over activity.
-activity is intrinsically rewarding.
___ mediates the relationship bw work and WB.
job satisfaction
what are the 3 types of theories about what determines job satisfaction?
- situational theories (bottom-up)
-good job = JS = +WB
-e.g., job characteristics model - dispositional theories (top-down)
-happy workers = JS = +WB - interactionistic theories (fit theories)
-good fit bw job and individual = +WB.
-e.g., holland’s vocational interests.
what is the job characteristics model (5)?
-good jobs are intrinsically motivating
- task identity (seek work from start to finish)
- task significance
- skill variety
- autonomy
- feedback (performance evaluation)
characteristics from the job characteristics model are positively correlated to ___ and ___.
each other (0.27-47) and WB.
what are some other characteristics of jobs that matter explored by vinas-bardolet et al. (2020)?
working hours, work-life balance, flexible schedule, job security.
-some job characteristics affected overall LS via other domains (ex. working hours impact social relationships).
what are dispositional theories?
Big 5 traits account for ~20% of variance in job satisfaction.
Ex. neuroticism: r = -.29 (~10%)
Ex. extraversion: r = .25 (~6%)
Ex. conscientiousness: r = .26 (~6%)
what are holland’s vocational interests (6)?
- SOCIAL: “HELPERS”
-cooperative; support; help; communication & interpersonal skills. - ENTERPRISING: “PERSUADERS”
-competitive; persuasion; leadership; communication & leadership skills. - CONVENTIONAL: “ORGANIZERS”
-detail-oriented; clerical; organizing; following instructions carefully. - REALISTIC: “DOERS”
-practical; problem-solving; “hands-on”; tool-oriented; physical strength. - INVESTIGATIVE: “THINKERS”
-analytical; conceptual; theoretical; problem-solving; scientific; explorative. - ARTISTIC: “CREATORS”
-creative; original; unconventional; introspective.
what is donohue’s (2006) main contribution?
-congruence (fit) predicts job satisfaction (r = .25).
-fit greater for workers with stable career paths.
what are the different types/purposes of excessive working (Bonebright et al.) (3)?
- driven:
work-life conflict: r = .42; LS: r = -.20 - high involvement:
work-life conflict: r = .20; LS: r = -.20 - enjoyment:
work-life conflict: r = -.14; LS: r = -.37
what did clark et al.’s (2016) meta-analysis find in relation to excessive working?
-although excessive workers enjoyed their work to an extent, also had lower JS and higher NA.
-enjoyment bc of “flow” or may get a “worker’s high” when at work only.
according to OECD, the most common leisure activity in 18 countries, accounting for over 50% of total leisure time expenditures was ___
watching tv
definitions of leisure may vary by perspective, what are the 3 perspectives? explain them.
- structural (external vantage point):
-amt of time/diversity/frequency of participation in normatively defined leisure activities.
-ex. games, sports, etc. - subjective (internal vantage point):
-amt of time/diversity/frequency of participation in activities that individuals view as leisure.
“leisure engagement” encompasses both views
- neulinger (1981)
leisure based on:
a) perceived freedom: person feels that what they do is by choice
b) intrinsic motivation: rewards from participation seen as coming from engaging in the activity itself.
what are the 2 leisure-WB relationship explanations?
- self-determination theory:
-individuals are intrinsically curious + active and thrive in contexts conducive to intrinsic motivation. these contexts yield greatest WB.
-i.e., autonomy, freedom… leisure activities. - enjoyment and flow:
-leisure activities provide enjoyment and flow, which is related to WB.
-active vs. passive leisure activities.
(passive = watching netflix, social media etc).
what is the dramma model?
-leisure related to WB bc it helps to satisfy 6 overarching needs:
- detachment from work-related thoughts
- recovery from work stress
- autonomy
- mastery
- meaning
- affiliation
integrates several theories
describe the moderator “country” for the leisure-WB relationship
recall schwartz’s (1999) cultural values:
when mastery & hierarchy important, work more central to life than leisure.
when affective autonomy, egalitarianism, harmony, conservatism values important, leisure more central to life than work.
“values-as-moderator” hypothesis: satisfaction with value-congruent domains more strongly associated with SWB.
describe the moderator “life stage” for the leisure-WB relationship
a) LIFE TASK MODEL OF PERSONALITY:
-task pursuits are influenced by culturally mandated tasks distinct to particular life stages
-ex. early adulthood = emphasize importance of work, early/middle adulthood = family-related goals, older adulthood =
Importance of leisure increases.
b) ACTIVE THEORY:
-domain activities provide a context for reinforcing self-concept through role identities. more domain activity = +WB.
-when individuals are working, both work and leisure roles can reinforce positive self-concept
-but, after retirement only leisure role remains… becomes more important.
is leisure correlated with WB (kuykendall et al.’s (2015) meta-analysis)?
correlation bw well-being & leisure engagement: r = .26
LS: r = .28
PA: r = .29
NA: r = -.10
leisure increases satisfaction, which then increases SWB.
high SWB also promotes higher leisure satisfaction.
what are kuykendall’s moderators of the leisure-well-being relationship (2)?
- COUNTRY:
-leisure satisfaction NOT more strongly associated with SWB for Europeans than for americans. - LIFE STAGE:
-leisure satisfaction more strongly associated with SWB for retired than working individuals.
what are the main findings regarding the relationship between leisure & WB in children?
holder et al. (2009):
-assessed self-concept, happiness, active & passive leisure as well as parent informant reports.
-active leisure positively correlated with WB.
-passive leisure negatively correlated with WB.
-leisure accounted for ~16% of variance in children’s happiness & ~18% of variance in children’s self-concept.
are vacations positively or negatively related to WB?
positively
what are the 3 theories of the relationship bw work and leisure?
- “spill over” theories:
-work attitudes and practices can “spill over” or generalize to leisure time. - “compensation” theories
-use leisure to compensate for what work cannot bring. - “segmentalized” theories
-leisure and work kept completely separate
the shift toward more integration of work and leisure involves ___ (2)?
- serious play: using leisure activities in the workplace ex. games.
- serious leisure
