Week 8

Question 1

What is the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) definition of Health?

Answer 1

Health ‘is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’ (WHO, 1948)

Question 2

What is the downside to this definition?

Answer 2

As it refers to physical well-being, if one is injured they would be classified as unhealthy, according to this definition.
Having a mental or physical disability also classifies someone as being unhealthy.

Question 3

What are 3 things that Injury could cause/lead to?

Answer 3

1) High cost to healthcare providers; such as the NHS
2) Prevents an active life; physiological, sociological, biomechanical and psychological benefits
3) Performance and financial costs for elite sport

Question 4

What types of levers is the body primarily made up of?

Answer 4

Third-Class Levers

Question 5

What is the Third-Class Lever?

Answer 5

Made up of 3 parts:

• The Fulcrum; also known as the pivot point, which lies at the end of the lever.
• The Load; is positioned at the other end of the lever
• The Effort; in a bicep curl, the effort is upwards since the bicep contracts to pull the forearm upwards to move the weight.

Question 6

What are Concentric, Eccentric and Isometric muscle contractions?

Answer 6

Concentric - shortening of the muscle
Eccentric - lengthening of the muscle
Isometric - no movement

Question 7

What are Acute Injuries and Chronic Injuries?

Answer 7

Acute injuries occur immediately due to excessive force

Chronic injuries occur over time such as pain due to inflammation

Question 8

What are 4 non-biological factors influencing injury?

Answer 8

1) Surfaces
2) Training errors (e.g. too much or not enough recovery)
3) Footwear
4) Other people

Question 9

What are 8 biological factors influencing injury?

Answer 9

1) Genetics
2) Metabolism
3) Skeletal alignment
4) Gender
5) Aging
6) Stress and strain tolerance
7) Flexibility

Question 10

What is a Tendon and what is its function?

Answer 10

A tendon is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.
The function of a tendon is to apply muscle force to the bone to cause movement.

Question 11

What is a Tendon made up of?

Answer 11

• Elastin (protein); provides some flexibility
• Collagen (protein); parallel and closely packed; has some flexibility; can change shape; can be injured through overuse or excessive force; helps transmit force
• Fibroblast; crucial for healing wounds, initiates inflammation

Question 12

What 2 types of Tendons can be found in the body?

Answer 12

Quad muscles have short and thick tendons as more force goes through them, whereas those that have to perform soft or delicate movements, like the finger flexors, have long and thin tendons.

Question 13

Which tendons are the most injured?

Answer 13

The Achilles Tendon and the Patella Tendon

• Short and thick thus more force goes through them
• These have less ability for elastic recovery when stretched than longer thinner tendons (Biewener, 2008)

Question 14

Where in the body can Tendons be found?

Answer 14

• Achilles
• Back
• Hamstrings
• Patella
• Fingers

Question 15

What is a Ligament?

Answer 15

A short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissues which connect two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.

Question 16

What are the 6 properties of a ligament?

Answer 16

1) Assist in stabilisation of joint
2) Restricts movement
3) More elastin than in tendons
4) High strength
5) Relatively poor blood supply
6) Elastic tissue

Question 17

Define Sedentary Behaviour

Answer 17

‘Waking behaviour characterised by an energy expenditure equal to or less than 1.5 metabolic equivalents, while in a sitting, reclining or lying posture’ (Tremblay et al., 2017)

Question 18

What are 4 main methods of rehabilitation?

Answer 18

1) Ice baths
2) Heat baths
3) Mixed
4) Strapping