Week 7 Learning Objectives Flashcards
Describe the location and anatomy of the lungs
The apex of lungs is located superior and extends slightly above the clavicles and the concave base of the lung’s rests on the diaphragm. The right lung has three lobes, whereas the left lung has two lobes and is 10% smaller.
Identify SIX functions of the Respiratory System
Gas exchange, acid base balance, phonation, pulmonary defenses and metabolism and the handling of bioactive material
Identify the structures that make up the Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose, pharynx, larynx, nasal cavity, mouth
Identify the THREE parts of the Pharynx AND state the function for each
Nasopharynx- a passage only for air, prevents food from entering the nasal cavity
Oropharynx- a passage for food and air, contains the tonsils
Laryngopharynx- a passage for food and air, posterior to the oesophagus
Identify at least FOUR functions of the larynx
Connects the laryngopharynx to the trachea Passage for air
The vocal folds produce sound
Initiates cough reflex
Describe the protective role of the cilia and identify lifestyle factor that destroys cilia
Cilia is a liquid layer of mucous which covers the airways, as a form of protection a lifestyle factor which destroys cilia is smoking.
Discuss the effects of homeostatic imbalance in the Upper Respiratory Tract: Viral & Bacterial infections
Effects of homeostatic imbalance include infection such as laryngitis, which creates swelling in the vocal cords, creating hoarse sounds or just a whisper.
Describe sinuses
Sinuses are cavities in cranial and facial bones of the skull lined by respiratory mucosa
Describe the structure and functions of the nasal cavity
Lined by mucous membrane, produces copious amounts of mucus each day; Contains lysozyme to destroy bacteria, The sticky mucous traps dust bacteria & other debris, High water content of mucous humidifies incoming air.
Identify the structures that make up the Lower Respiratory Tract
Trachea, lungs- bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.
The trachea branches into bronchi and then bronchioles. R lung has 3 lobes, L lung has 2 lobes. The diaphragm helps the lungs contract during breathing to increase or decrease airflow.
Identify the difference between the structure AND function of the Conducting Zone and the Respiratory Zone
The conducting zone, which includes everything from the nose to the smallest bronchioles, moves air into and out of the lungs. The respiratory zone includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli and moves the respiratory gases, that is oxygen and carbon dioxide, in and out of the blood.
State the effects of Sympathetic AND Parasympathetic stimulation on the bronchioles
The body needs to constrict the bronchioles when there is more respiration in the sympathetic stimulation.
Describe the structure AND function of the alveoli, Discuss blood supply to the lungs
Alveoli are an important part of the respiratory system whose function it is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules to and from the bloodstream.
Describe the TWO pleural membranes AND their function
The visceral pleura is the thin, slippery membrane that covers the surface of the lungs and dips into the areas separating the different lobes of the lungs (called the hilum). The parietal pleura is the outer membrane that lines the inner chest wall and diaphragm (the muscle separating the chest and abdominal cavities).
Describe the function of surfactant in relation to surface tension
The main function of surfactant is to lower the surface tension at the air/liquid interface within the alveoli of the lung.
Identify the effects of Asthma in the respiratory tract
If you have asthma, the inside walls of the airways in your lungs can become inflamed and swollen. In addition, membranes in your airway linings may secrete excess mucus.
Define the process of ventilation in the lungs
Ventilation- Ventilation, or breathing, is the movement of air through the conducting passages between the atmosphere and the lungs. The air moves through the passages because of pressure gradients that are produced by contraction of the diaphragm and thoracic muscles.
Define External Respiration AND Internal Respiration
External respiration, also known as breathing, involves both bringing air into the lungs (inhalation) and releasing air to the atmosphere (exhalation). During internal respiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the cells and blood vessels.
Define the process of diffusion in the lungs
Diffusion- Lung diffusion is your ability to pass oxygen into the blood from the air sacs of the lungs, and pass carbon dioxide (CO2) back into the lungs from the blood.
Define the process of perfusion in the lungs
Perfusion- Perfusion (Q) refers to the flow of blood to alveolar capillaries. Individual alveoli have variable degrees of ventilation and perfusion in different regions of the lungs.
Define External Respiration AND Internal Respiration
External respiration, also known as breathing, involves both bringing air into the lungs (inhalation) and releasing air to the atmosphere (exhalation). During internal respiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the cells and blood vessels.
Describe FOUR factors which promote External Respiration
The components of external respiration include alveolar surface area, ventilation and perfusion matching, and partial pressure gradients. Partial pressure gradients allow gasses to flow from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure.
Define Partial Pressure
Partial pressure is force exerted by each gas in a mixture of gases.
State where is PO2 is highest and the effect on O2 binding with haemoglobin
Pulmonary veins, Haemoglobin changes shape based on how many oxygen molecules are bound to it.
State where PCO2 is highest and the effect on CO2 diffusion
Highest PO2 in air, lowest in cells. Highest PCO2 in cells, lowest in air. Diffusion is gas movement between the lungs and tissues occurs via simple diffusion
Define Haemoglobin and Oxyhaemoglobin
Haemoglobin is a protein molecule that binds to oxygen. Haemoglobin forms an unstable, reversible bond with oxygen. In its oxygen-loaded form, it is called oxyhaemoglobin and is bright red.
State the percentage of oxygen transported by Hb
Only 1.5 percent of oxygen in the blood is dissolved directly into the blood itself. Most oxygen—98.5 percent—is bound to a protein called haemoglobin and carried to the tissues.
Identify clinical indicators (tests) of oxygenation which we may observe/measure
Pulse oximetry test is a test which measures the amount of oxygen in the blood through a small clamp which goes on the finger or arterial blood gas sampling, usually done in the emergency department or ICU of the hospital.
Discuss release of 02 at resting and active tissues – include ATP production
Haemoglobin combines with oxygen in the lungs to for oxyhaemoglobin and for the oxygen to be ‘dropped off’ through diffusion.
Identify the ways carbon dioxide is transported in blood
Approximately 75% of carbon dioxide is transport in the red blood cell and 25% in the plasma.
State the most powerful respiratory stimulant
Carbon dioxide is one of the most powerful stimulants of breathing.
Define Hypoxia
Hypoxia is a condition where not enough oxygen makes it to the cells and tissues in the body.
Define Hypoxaemia
An abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood.
Define Hypercapnia
Hypercapnia is a build-up of carbon dioxide in your bloodstream
Discuss changes in rate and depth of inspiration
CO2 levels are the main influence; oxygen levels only affect breathing with dangerously low. If CO2 levels increase, the respiratory centre (medulla and pons) is stimulated to increase the rate and depth of breathing.
State the nerves and muscles involved and describe the effects on thoracic volume.
The phrenic nerves, vagus nerves, and posterior thoracic nerves are the major nerves involved in respiration.
Discuss chemical stimuli of H+, C02 and 02, including; Identify where the receptors for each are located
Central chemoreceptors are located 0.2 mm below the ventrolateral surface of the medulla in the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) inside the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
Describe the negative feedback response to high C02
The chemical weathering works as a negative feedback that moderates long-term climate change.
Define Inflation Reflex
The reflex response is to inhibit inspiration. This reflex is too weak to control the depth of the tidal volume during normal breathing. This prevents over inflation of the lungs.
Describe conscious control of breathing, and other influences on respiration
In mammals, ventilation is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and gas exchange in the lungs is the primary control for respiratory rate. Humans are also able to voluntarily override automatic respiration, allowing breath holding and prolonged vocalizations.
Identify clinical indicators of oxygenation which we may observe/measure
Medical emergencies requiring high concentrations of oxygen in all cases: Shock. Sepsis. Major trauma. Cardiac arrest and during resuscitation. Anaphylaxis. Medical emergencies which may or may not require oxygen administration. Asthma. Bronchitis. Acute heart failure or heart failure exacerbations. Pulmonary embolism.
Discuss differences and changes in respiratory function across the lifespan
Respiratory function decreases as we age, Airways and tissues of the respiratory system become less elastic & more rigid, e.g. The thorax becomes more rigid, Elasticity of the lungs decreases, Vital capacity declines, Decrease in blood oxygen level, Older person has reduced ability to perform vigorous exercises like running, Sleep apnoea is more common.
State the muscles involved with increasing the thoracic cavity volume
Contraction of the external intercostal muscles moves the ribs upward and outward, causing the rib cage to expand, which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity.
Describe the role of the pleural membranes
The function of the pleura is to allow optimal expansion and contraction of the lungs during breathing. The pleural fluid acts as a lubricant, allowing the parietal and visceral pleura to glide over each other friction free.
Describe Normal Inspiration and Normal Expiration
The normal inspiration/expiration (I/E) ratio to start is 1:2. This is reduced to 1:4 or 1:5 in the presence of obstructive airway disease to avoid air-trapping (breath stacking) and auto-PEEP or intrinsic PEEP.
