Week 7- information processing Flashcards
what is the behaviourism claim?
We cannot see into our minds, therefore the only way to observe mental processes is to look at human behaviour, which is the reaction to an external stimulus.
what is the mental information flow?
Identify the words in the question
Organise the words into a syntactic pattern
Turn the question into a proposition(an abstract idea)
Search your memory for information
Retrieve the information
Turn the information into words
Utter the words
give an example of information processing?
stimulus:
- A timer switch turns off the bottom light of a set of three and turns on the top light
- The light shines out through red glass
comprehension:
- A driver sees that the red light is bright
- The driver interprets: RED = ‘stop’
production:
5. The driver puts on the brakes.
what were Levelt’s speech production processes?
Conceptualization:
- determining what to say
- conceiving intention
- selecting relevant information in preparation for construction of intended utterance
- output is preverbal
Formulation: - translating conceptual representation into a linguistic form - lexicalization (word selection) syntactic planning (organisation) - phonetic and articulatory planning - phonological encoding
Articulation:
- motor execution
what are the three types of memory storage?
• Sensory storage, a trace of the stimulus
- Iconic and echoic memory
• Short term storage, current processing
- Working memory
• Long term storage, knowledge storage
- Long term memory
what is the three store model of human memory?
SENSORY STORES
- Trace can be auditory, an ‘echo’ or visual, an ‘impression’
- Echoic traces last longer than iconic traces
SHORT TERM MEMORY
- Not really just a ‘store’, it handles processing e.g. lexical search
- Temporary
- Working memory
LONG TERM MEMORY
- A resource
- Storing meaning, information
- Holds information for long periods of time or permanently
what are some limitations in processing?
- Some language tasks cause overly heavy demands • e.g. interpreters or any time you are trying to listen and speak simultaneously
- The limitations require rapid transformation of what we hear/read into abstract information • e.g. one solution is to create manageable chunks of information rather than individual words
- Flow of information has to keep moving to avoid congestion • e.g. transfer information to Long Term Memory
what are automated processes?
• e.g. routine greetings, formulaic expressions, multiword expressions, etc. • But also walking, bicycle-riding, some kinds of work • automated processes free up attention and processing to do other things at the same time.
what are conscious processes?
things like learning a new language
what is bottom up processing?
Input directs cognition, starts with input, smaller unit. Data driven, more constructive.
what is top down processing?
Previous knowledge directs cognition, long term memory. eg: if you are presented with a paragraph written with difficult handwriting. It is easier to understand what the writer wants to convey if you read the whole paragraph rather than reading the words in separate terms. The brain may be able to perceive and understand the gist of the paragraph due to the context supplied by the surrounding words.
effects of top down processing
Knowledge of whole words plays a role • Knowledge of the word enabled interpretation of the letters (smaller unit) • Knowledge of letter combinations also plays a role
what is the autonomous model?
Each level of processing operates independently
In reading, letter features → letter recognition → word recognition → sentence recognition (bottom-up)
- Only once we’ve processed what is physically present, does contextual information play a role in perception (top-down)
- May seem slower
-May be more consistent (same process procedure is always followed)
what is the interactive model?
- Bottom-up and top-down processing mechanisms operate in parallel
- Information is exchanged and accessible between all levels, including context
- May have an advantage of speed
- Might be more complex
what is the phonological loop?
Phonological store → very limited capacity, decay in 1-2 seconds
Rehearsal mechanism → keeps what we want/need to retain active
