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Para sci sem 2 > week 7- gastro > Flashcards

week 7- gastro Flashcards

1
Q

right upper quadrant

A

gall bladder, bile duct, kidney, transverse colon, ascending colon

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2
Q

right lower quadrant

A

cecum, vermiform, appendix, uterus, ovaries

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3
Q

left upper quadrant

A

diaphragm, spleen, kidney, duodenum, pancreas, pancreatic duct, descending colon.

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4
Q

left lower quadrant

A

small intestine, umbilicus, rectum, bladder, anus

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5
Q

GERD Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

A

relaxation of weak oesophageal sphincter causing back-flow of gastric contents into oesophagus
Causes heart burn or pyrosis
- Oesophageal mucosal injury may occur

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6
Q

Reflux Oesophagitis

A

Barett oesophagus: results from persistent reflux, producing mucosal damage causing:
Hyperemia (excess blood in vessels supplying organ/part of body)
Oedema
Erosion of luminal surface

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7
Q

hiatus hernia

A

Protrusion of stomach through diaphragm-whole stomach can end up going into thorax

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8
Q

Oesophageal Varicies

A

Occur with portal hypertension & gradual obstruction of venous blood flow in liver
-pressure in portal vein increases causing thin walled varicies to form in submucosa layer

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9
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of gastric mucosa

Many causes, grouped as acute or chronic

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10
Q

peptic ulcers

A

-Ulcerative disorder of upper GI tract
Occurs with exposure to acid-pepsin secretions
Variety of causes (bacteria, NSAIDs, congenital)
-Duodenal & gastric ulcers most common
-Affect one or all layers of stomach or duodenum

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11
Q

gastro-enteritis

A
  • An acute illness with primary manifestation of diarrhoea

- Associated with fluid shifts leading to dehydration, shock & death

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12
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

A
  • chronic & recurrent intestinal symptoms; pain, constapation, bloating
  • Thought to result from dysregulation of intestinal motor activity & central neural functions modulated in CNS
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13
Q

Inflammatory bowel disease- Crohn’s Disease

A

Slow, progressive & recurrent inflammation of any section of GI tract
Extends through all layers of intestinal wall
-causes Fistula formation, Abdominal abscess, Intestinal obstruction

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14
Q

Inflammatory bowel disease-Ulcerative Colitis

A

Isolated to rectum & colon
Lesions form in base of mucosal layer
Inflammation causes pinpoint mucosal haemorrhages, which develop into abscesses

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15
Q

diverticulum

A

each weakened pouch

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16
Q

Diverticula:

A 
multiple pouches (often present with many)
-Most common in lower portion of large intestine, called the sigmoid colon
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17
Q

Diverticulitis:

A

type 2 of 2 types of dirverticulitis- when pouches become inflamed or perforate (microscopically)

18
Q

diverticular disease

A

-Condition commonly occurring in distal descending sigmoid colon, where mucosal layer herniates through surrounding muscle
-however can occur anywhere from pharynx to anus
-In diverticulitis, undigested food & bacteria accumulate & harden in diverticular sac
Prevents blood supply to sac walls
-may cause fatal obstruction, haemorrhage or infection

19
Q

Diverticulosis:

A

1 of 2 types of peritonitisdiverticular present but asymptomatic

20
Q

appendicitis

A

Inflammation & obstruction of appendix
Becomes swollen & gangrenous, & perforates if untreated
Related to intraluminal obstruction with faecal matter, gallstones, tumours, parasites, or lymphatic tissue

21
Q

Bowel/Intestinal Obstruction

A
  • bowl blockage
  • intersitual fluid not absorbed- vommiting starts
  • stop eating-intravascular volume and electrolyes decreas- can lead to shock
  • intestinal pressure increases
  • pressure stops cappilary on bowl flow
  • bowl ischaemic- may perforate
22
Q

peritonitis

A

-Inflammatory response of serous membrane (lining abdominal cavity & visceral organs)
Caused by bacterial invasion or chemical irritation
-Translocation of extracellular fluid into peritoneal cavity into bowel
Nausea & vomiting cause further fluid loss
May result in hypovolaemia & shock

23
Q

what cinditions lead to peritonitis

A

diverticulitis, bowel obstruction, appenicitis- they all result in the release of constituents into the free abdominal space. This consequents in an inflammatory response, resulting in peritonitis.

24
Q

Alcohol-Induced Liver Disease

A

-Includes fatty liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, & cirrhosis
-Metabolic end-products responsible liver injury
-acetaldehyde, free radicals impede mitochondrial electron transport; hydrogen ions undergo lipid synthesis & ketogenesis
Abnormal accumulation of these in hepatocytes & blood

25
Q

cirrhosis

A

End stage of chronic liver disease
Much of functional liver tissue replaced by fibrous scar tissue partially blocking blood flow through liver
-signs Hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) & jaundice

26
Q

portal hypertension

A
  • Increased resistance to flow in portal venous system, & sustained portal vein pressure
  • this causes Collateral channels open, connecting portal circulation with systemic
27
Q

Gall Stones (Cholelithiasis)

A

-Abnormalities in composition of bile, stasis of bile & inflammation of gall bladder may result in stone formation
-associated with obesity & women with multiple pregnancies or taking oral contraceptives
-Asymptomatic until stone obstructs bile flow or causes inflammation
-Small stones (<8mm) pass into common duct with symptoms of indigestion and biliary colic
Larger stones more likely to obstruct flow & cause jaundice

28
Q

Cholecystitis

A 
-Acute cholecystitis: diffuse inflammation of gallbladder, usually secondary to obstruction of gallbladder outlet
Most cases (85% - 90%) associated with gallstones
-Chronic cholecystitis: occurs with repeat acute cholecystitis
29
Q

Pancreatitis

A

-Inflammation of the pancreas
-Acute pancreatitis: two forms –
Oedematous: fluid accumulation & swelling
Necrotising: cell death & tissue damage
-Several causes; typically gallstones or alcohol abuse

30
Q

chronic Pancreatitis

A

Chronic pancreatitis: persistent inflammation causes irreversible change to pancreatic structure & function
May follow acute pancreatitis episode
Protein precipitates harden/calcify & block pancreatic duct
Pancreatic glands enlarge  further inflammation
May damage islets of Langerhans  diabetes mellitus
Insulin secretion affected
Sudden, severe pancreatitis can cause massive haemorrhage & total destruction of pancreas

31
Q

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

A

One of the most common reasons for abdominal pain in all ages, & frequent cause of sepsis
steps=colonisation-uropithilium penetration-ascention-pyelonephritis-acute kidney injury

32
Q

Kidney Stones (Renal Calculi)

A

typically forms in kidneys. Polycrystalline aggregates composed of materials typically excreted in urine.
-2 types of pain associated renal colicky and non-colickly

33
Q

renal colicky

A

describes colicky-like pain of kidney stones that is caused by stretching of collecting system or ureter
Caused by stones 1 – 5mm in diameter, that can move into ureter & obstruct flow-excruciating pain on upper outer quadrant of effected side.

34
Q

Non-colicky renal pain:

A

caused by stones producing distension of renal calyces or renal pelvis
Dull, deep ache in flank/back that varies in intensity (mild – severe)

35
Q

what can cause abdominal haemorrage

A

Trauma
Perforation secondary to ulceration or bowel obstruction
Ectopic pregnancy

36
Q

Diarrhoea

A

: may be associated with bleed, some frank blood may be present indicating lower abdominal bleed

37
Q

Malena:

A

dark, tar-like bowel motion indicated high abdominal bleed

38
Q

Haematemesis:

A

vomiting of bright red blood indicating bleed proximal to stomach

39
Q

Coffee ground vomitus:

A

(exactly as sounds) indicate lower GI bleed

40
Q

etopic pregnacy

A

-Implantation of an embryo outside of uterus
Most common site is within fallopian tubes
-prone to people with endometriosis and scarring of tubes
-The fallopian tube may rupture, triggering massive haemorrhage.
-Patients with ectopic pregnancy often have severe unilateral abdominal pain, may radiate to the shoulder on affected side

41
Q

acute abdomen

A

Term used to describe sudden, severe abdominal pain that likely necessitates surgery
-occurs with many of the discussed conditions

Para sci sem 2 (14 decks)

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