Week 7 formative quiz questions Flashcards
The majority of cancers arise from epithelial cells
The majority of cancers arise from epithelial cells
Endostatin inhibits angiogenesis
True - Endostatin which is a component of collagen is released and blocks the MAPK pathway and ultimately inhibits gene expression.
Platelets are small blood cells that bud off from megakaryocytes.
True – platelets are formed from large megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. Platelets are very small cells, and do not have a nucleus.
Poor blood supply to a tissue is called ischaemia
True - for example, poor blood supply to the heart muscle (myocardial ischaemia) causes chest pain, known as angina.
Cyclin D controls the movement of cells through the cell cycle
True - binds with CDK 4/6 and help push cells out of G0 into G1 to grow
Tumour suppressor genes are dominant in nature
False - they are recessive and require 2 alleles to have a mutation
Haemostasis occurs when bleeding continues
False – haemostasis refers to the cessation of bleeding after an injury
Fibrin is insoluble
True – While fibrinogen is soluble, fibrin is insoluble, allowing it to play its role in clot formation
The blood clotting system, when activated, results in thrombin production
True – activation of the clotting system produces thrombin, which in turn activates fibrin, which is a major component of blood clots
EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) is a process which is continually occurring in adult life
False - usually occurs in embryogenesis and in cancer
Cancer which originate from glandular cells are known as sarcomas
False -they are known as adenocarcinomas
Programmed cell death involves phagocytosis
True - this is a clean form of cell death known as apoptosis
Localised death of tissue is called infarction
True – examples include myocardial infarction following occlusion of a coronary artery (a heart attack) or cerebral infarction following occlusion of a cerebral artery (a stroke)
Tumours create an environment rich in oxygen
False - The angiogenic switch is controlled by hypoxia. Tumours activate this pathway by creating a hypoxic environment. As a result HIF1 alpha and beta are activated and trigger VEGF
High oxygen levels are called hypoxia
False- hypoxia is the word for low oxygen levels
Thrombosis and clot formation are the same process
False – thrombosis is clot formation that occurs inside a vein or artery, often occluding the vessel. This is a pathological process.
Thrombosis occurs when platelets and fibrin form a solid pale plug
True – as in physiological clot formation, thrombosis results from the formation of a plug by platelet aggregation and fibrin mesh
Vasoconstriction promotes bleeding during injury
False – vasoconstriction limits blood flow and prevents bleeding
In normal cells, telomeres allow chromosomes to increase in length with each round of DNA replication
False - Telomeres are the counting device which shorten chromosomal ends with each round of replication ensuring cell numbers are under control
Aim of chemotherapy is to force cell into apoptosis
True - chemotherapy disrupts DNA and RNA causing cell damage and ultimately death
Blood vessels typically have a lining of endothelial cells
True – epithelial cells lining a blood vessel are called endothelium
Thrombolysis is a mechanism for removing thrombus and clots
True – thrombolytic enzymes are present naturally in the blood, and this process can be replicated artificially with drugs
Matrix metalloproteins contribute to loss of cell junctions
True - cleave extracellular portion of e cadherin
Thrombosis is solidification of stagnant blood
False – thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot, or thrombus, inside a blood vessel. This can occur at a site of damaged endothelium, due to stagnant flow, or due to thrombophilia (“sticky blood”)
E cadherin is involved in cell to cell adhesion
True - E - cadherin is involved in the adhesion of sheets of epithelial cells and has been studied due to its role in tumour suppression. Many epithelial cell cancers have been show to have high metastatic ability and they frequently demonstrate downregulation or mutation of E-cadherin
Damage to interstitial collagens, located around vessels, can induce Tissue Factor release
True – damage to the collagenous connective tissue surrounding blood vessels is one of the ways tissue factor release is induced. Tissue factor can initiate the clotting system
Tumour profile on a patient with Non Small Cell Lung cancer has shown a portion of PDL1 of 20%, they will be eligible for pembrolizumab
False PDL1 must be >50% to be eligible for treatment. However there are other immunotherapy treatment which are available in the recurrent and second line setting which can be given with a PDL1 of <50%
(no clue wtf that is on about btw)
Pulmonary embolism involves a thrombus dislodging from a lung vein and lodging in another organ
False – pulmonary embolism involves a thrombus dislodging from a distant location (usually one of the deep veins in the leg or pelvis) and lodging in the lung.
Circulatory shock is characterised by high blood pressure
False- circulatory shock means failure of the circulatory system, and is characterised by low blood pressure
Pathological thrombosis can be predisposed by changes to the intimal surface of a vessel.
True – disturbance to the vascular endothelium can promote thrombus. Other predisposing factors are stagnant blood flow and hypercoagulability
Circulatory shock can be a consequence of bleeding
True - severe blood loss can lead to an insufficient circulating volume to maintain normal blood pressure
Anastrozole works by inhibiting oestrogen
False - it does not block oestrogen directly, it works by inhibiting the conversion of androgens to oestrogen
Serum contains clotting factors.
False – by definition, serum is what is left of blood plasma once clotting factors have been removed. It contains all other circulating proteins, antibodies, hormones, electrolytes, exogenous substances dissolved in the bloodstream, etc
Virchow’s triad describes the predisposing factors for infarction of tissue
False – Virchow’s triad describes the predisposing factors for pathological thrombosis. They are endothelial damage, stasis of blood flow and hypercoagulability
Most common immunotherapy side effects is nephritis
False - colitis in 30% of dual immunotherapy patients
