Week 7 - Biological agents

Question 1

What are the characteristics of relatively crude biologics?

Answer 1

contain cells, tissue or entire organisms

Question 2

Describe the characteristics of Standardised by bioassay.

Answer 2

Expressed in units of biological activity

Question 3

What are some unique hazards?

Answer 3

• risk of infection
• microbial contamination
• alter patterns of disease

Question 4

What are some Biological Agents?

Answer 4

• active immunising agents (vaccines)
• Passive immunising agents (Ab Products)
• Enzymes and venoms
• Allergenic extracts
• Diagnostic products
• Cellular therapies

Question 5

What are the specific differences in Natural immunity?

Answer 5

• Cold Blooded vs. warm blooded diseases
• Some animal diseases can be transmitted to humans such as rabies
• many human diseases not in animals such as measles, mumps

Question 6

Describe the Ethnicity Differences

Answer 6

• different ethnicities have difference susceptibility to infections
• factors involved not well known
• Environmental immunity result of resistance and exposure to diseases

Question 7

What are some gender differences?

Answer 7

• Gene encoding differences
• Hormonal differences

Question 8

What are the two antibodies active during natural processes?

Answer 8

IgG transferred from mother to fetus and IgA in mothers milk

Question 9

What is the active Artificially acquired immunity?

Answer 9

• vaccine or toxin
• slow onset = protective levels not achieved for 1-2 weeks
• subsequent exposure results in faster and stronger response but memory not infinte

Question 10

How is passive artifically acquired immunity acquired?

Answer 10

immunoglobulins or antibodies
- quick onset but short duration

Question 11

What are the 3 things required when producing a vaccine?

Answer 11

• attenuation
• inactivation
• subunit/conjugate

Question 12

What are some additives added to a vaccine

Answer 12

• Stabilisers = gelatin and lactose
• Adjuvants = aluminium salts
• Diluents = saline or sterile water
• preservatives
• mostly used for multi-dose vials
• thiomersal, phenoxythenaol and phenol

Question 13

What remnant from manufacturing can kill vaccine’s virus?

Answer 13

Formaldehyde

Question 14

What helps prevent contamination while growing virus in labs?

Answer 14

Antibiotics such as gentamicin or kanamycin

Question 15

What are some growth mediums?

Answer 15

Yeast or egg

Question 16

What is passive immunising agents and how does it protect?

Answer 16

They offer protection during critical period of exposure

Immediate but transient protection - lasts only a few weeks (IgG half - life between 3 and 4 weeks)

Question 17

What agent is involved in Passive immunising agents?

Answer 17

Immunoglobulins produced in another individual are introduced into host.

Question 18

What is Homologous Sera?

Answer 18

• Source of pooled plasma of adult donors
• includes immunoglobulins from gen pop and hyper-immune donors for specific diseases

Question 19

What does processing include in Homologous Sera?

Answer 19

Fractional precipitation
Maintains rigorous control of pH
Ionic Strength

Question 20

What step is used due to the risk of prion transmission?

Answer 20

Pasteurisation

Question 21

What is normal human Immunoglobulin?

Answer 21

• Contains sufficiently high antibody concentration against HEP A, measles and polio
• not of value for mumps

Question 22

How can normal human ig homologous sera be prepared?

Answer 22

IM and IV

patient with abnormal antibody production usually given IV preparations

Question 23

Describe Hepatitis B immunoglobulin

Answer 23

High risk patient

Question 24

what are zoster immunoglobulin?

Answer 24

Prevent or ameliorate varicella in infants <1mth, pregnant women, or children on immunosuppressants

Question 25

what is the purpose of the tetanus immunoglobulin?

Answer 25

protection of individuals who have sustained tetanus-prone wound or may have doubt about their status

Question 26

what is the purpose of the CMV immunoglobulin?

Answer 26

prevention in immunodeficient people at high risk such as bone marrow transplant or renal

Question 27

How are monoclonal antibodies manufactured?

Answer 27

• MAbs produced from perpetuating expression of single beta lymphocyte
• produce quantities from fusion of beta lymphocytes with myeloma cells
• Hybridomas maintained in cultures and large amounts of antibodies produced
• Specific cell lines of clones producing monospecific immunoglobulins selected

Question 27

MAbs are derived from

Answer 27

• mice
• human components
• fully human