Week 7 Flashcards
what is standard precautions according to the CDC?
the minimum infection prevention practices that apply to all patient care, regardless of suspected or confirmed infection status of the patient, in any setting where health care is delivered
what should be included in standard precautions?
hand hygiene, use of PPE, respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette, sharps safety, safe injection practices, sterile instruments and devices, clean and disinfected environmental surfaces
what are the 4 isolation precautions?
-contact precautions: gloves and gown (VRE, MRSA, Scabies, lice, large non-contained draining wounds)
-droplet: gloves, gown, and mask (necrotizing fasciitis, certain PNAs, influenza)
-airborne: gloves, gown, special mask, negative pressure room (tuberculosis, measles)
-reverse isolation: wear PPE to protect those with weakened immune systems (AIDs, cancers)
what is clean technique?
standard technique using boxed not sterile gloves
intended to reduce or prevent transmission of microorganisms from one location to another
what is sterile technique?
-only sterile equipment contacts patient’s wound
-used for immunocompromised patients, severe burns, large surface area wounds, packing deep wounds
how is bacteria named?
-by genus and species
-shape: (cocci (round), spirilla (helix shaped), bacilli (rod shaped)
-reproduction: (strept: divide in chains; staphly: divide in clusters)
-staining: (gram-positive: stains with crystal violet and secretes exotoxins that cause extensive damage; gram-negative: stained by saffron that excretes less damaging exotoxins)
-growth environment: aerobic or anaerobic
what is a biofilm?
-complex community (cluster) of bacteria and fungi held together by a self-produced polymer matrix
-persist on medical devices, surfaces, and tissues causing chronic infection
-can survive in environments where they normally could not (hard to kill and redevelop quickly
-keep wound in inflammatory phase which causes damage to cells and proteins needed to heal
define the following
contamination:
colonization:
critical colonization:
infection:
-contamination: microbes non-replicating (normal)
-colonization: replicating microbes (normal)
-critical colonization: bioburden reaches a critical point and begins to adversely affect hosts
-infection: replicating microbes invade body tissue, healthy tissue starts to become damaged
why do microbes cause problems?
-compete with host cells for available oxygen and nutrients
-bacterial exotoxins (proteins released by bacteria during growth) may be cytotoxic
-bacterial endotoxins (molecules in the walls of the bacteria that may cause fever, clotting or bleeding) may activate host inflammatory processes
-wound infections delay and may prevent wound healing
compare rubor in inflammation vs infection.
-inflammation: well-defined erythemal border; proportionate to size and extent of wound
-infection: poorly defined erythemal boarder; disproportionate; may possess red streaks leading out from wound
compare calor (temp) in inflammation vs infection.
-inflammation: local increase in temperature
-infection: patient may be febrile; warmer localized tissue temperature spreading over a wider surface area
compare tumor in inflammation vs infection.
-inflammation: slight swelling/proportionate
-infection: disproportionate to size and extent of wound; may be indurated
compare dolor in inflammation vs infection.
-inflammation: proportionate to type of wound and extent of tissue damage
-infected: new onset or increased pain
compare functio laesa in inflammation vs infection.
-inflammation: temporary
-infection: malaise, feel ill
compare drainage in inflammation vs infection.
-inflammation: proportionate to size, extent, and diagnosis, thin consistency, serous or seroanguinous
-infection: disproportionate amount-may be copious, creamy think or purulent consistency; white, yellow, green, or blue in color, may have distinctive odor
