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CLAH107: Framing the Classical World > Week 6 - State > Flashcards

Week 6 - State Flashcards

1
Q

What is Solon’s reformed also called?

A

Seisachtheia - the shaking off / relief of burdens

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2
Q

What did it mean that the poor in Athens were Sixth-part-tenants?

A

The poor paid rent to the rich men’s land which they farmed.

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3
Q

What would happen to the poor if they failed to pay their rents to the rich in Athens?

A

They and their children were liable to arrest.

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4
Q

Who did Solon become with his reforms?

A

“The head of the People”

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5
Q

What did Solon introduce?

A

A boule of 400 lead by the ekklesia

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6
Q

What kind of government did Solon’s reforms establish in Athens?

A

A timocracy

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7
Q

What is a timocracy?

A

A form of government in which possession of property is required in order to hold office.

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8
Q

What did Solon divide society into?

A

Different social classes. Before it had just been poor and rich; slaves and aristocrats.

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9
Q

What was the top class of citizens in Athens called?

A

Pentakosiomedimni

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10
Q

What was characteristic of the pentakosiomedimni class?

A

They owed property which could produce 500 medimnoi of wet or dry goods (or equivalent) per year.

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11
Q

What was the second highest class of Athens called?

A

Hippeus

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12
Q

What was characteristic of the hippeus class?

A

They owed property which could produce 300 medimnoi of wet or dry goods (or equivalent) per year.

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13
Q

What was the third class of Athens called?

A

Zeugitae

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14
Q

What was characteristic of the zeugitae class?

A

They owed property which could produce 200 medimnoi of wet or dry goods (or equivalent) per year.

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15
Q

What was the lowest class of citizens in Athens called?

A

Thetes

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16
Q

What was characteristic of the thetes?

A

They were workers for wages or had less than 200 medimnoi as yearly income.

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17
Q

What happened to the power of the thetes in 460-450 BC?

A

They were empowered to hold public office in the reforms of Ephialtes and Pericles.

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18
Q

How did Cleisthenes divide up the demes of Attica?

A

Divided into 3 regions: city, coast and inland. Each of the 3 regions were divided into 10 groups called trittyes.

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19
Q

What was each tritty named after?

A

The name of its chief deme.

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20
Q

What did Cleisthenes do to membership of the boule?

A

Increased it to 500

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21
Q

How was the boule elected after Cleisthenes’ reforms?

A

By lot.

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22
Q

What was the allotment machine called?

A

The kleroterion

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23
Q

What else did Cleisthenes introduce along with democracy?

A

Ostracism

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24
Q

What was ostracism?

A

Politically influential men were sent away from Athens to avoid tyranny.

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25
Q

What is an ostracon (pl. ostraka)?

A

A piece of pottery usually broken off form a vase or other earthenware vessel.

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26
Q

What was the Decree of Eucrates (337 BCE)?

A

A law forbidding cooperation with those plotting a coup against the democracy. It calls for the acquittal of anyone accused of murdering the tyrant.

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27
Q

What is a monarchy?

A

A political system based upon the undivided sovereignty or rule of a single person.

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28
Q

What is a tyranny?

A

A government in which all the power is in the hands of a single ruler (who has gained power unconstitutionally).

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29
Q

What is an oligarchy?

A

A small group of people having control.

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30
Q

What is a timocracy?

A

A form of government in which possession of property is required in order to hold office.

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31
Q

What is a democracy?

A

A system of government in which state power is vested in the people.

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32
Q

What is a demagogy?

A

When a political leader in a democracy gains popularity by arousing the common people against elites.

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33
Q

What is a republic?

A

A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives.

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34
Q

What is an empire?

A

An extensive group of states or countries ruled over by a single monarch, an oligarchy, or a sovereign state.

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35
Q

Who does Herodotus associate with democracy and who with tyranny?

A

Athens with democracy and Persia with tyranny.

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36
Q

What are Herodotus’ views on tyranny?

A

Speaks about its limitations - speaks against Peisistratus

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37
Q

What right does Herodotus praise?

A

Isonomia - the equality right

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38
Q

What was one of Herodotus’ main concerns?

A

Athenian imperialism

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39
Q

What does Plato say about democracy?

A

He criticizes democracy saying that excessive freedom can lead to dictators, tyrants and demagogues vying for power.

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40
Q

What 3 elements of government does Plato propose?

A
  • Philosophers-kings to make decisions.
  • Soldiers to protect the state
  • Producers to create goods
41
Q

According to Aristotle, which forms of government are the “right ones”?

A

Kingship, aristocracy and politeia.

42
Q

According to Aristotle, which forms of government are the “wrong ones”?

A

Tyranny, oligarchy and democracy.

43
Q

What is the best political regime according to Aristotle?

A

A monarchy run with a rational efficiency that leaves little or no scope for citizen participation.

44
Q

What was the best form of government according to Polybius?

A

Mixed - as it was in Rome.

45
Q

How were people divided at the beginning of Rome?

A

Into clans / families

46
Q

What was the pater familias?

A

The (male) head of the Roman household.

47
Q

How were the clans of Rome united?

A

Under Romulus the first king of Rome.

48
Q

Who made up the Senate?

A

Consuls of the king

49
Q

How many kings and hills of Rome were there?

A

7

50
Q

When was the city of Rome founded?

A

753 BCE

51
Q

When was the Roman Republic founded?

A

509 BCE

52
Q

How was the monarchy in Rome abolished?

A

Through a revolution led by Lucius Licinius Brutus.

53
Q

When was the XII Tables Law written and who was it written by?

A

450-449 BCE by the decemviri (10 men)

54
Q

Where was the XII Tables Law displayed?

A

Publicly in the forum (main square).

55
Q

What 4 bodies made up the constitution of the Roman Republic?

A
  • The Comitia Centuriata (Century Assembly)
  • The Senate
  • The Comitia Tributa (Tribal Assembly)
  • The Concilium Plebis (Plebeian Council)
56
Q

What was the Comitia Centuriata?

A

An assembly of soldiers divided into blocks called centuries. Each century gets one vote before the assembly.

57
Q

How are soldiers assigned to centuries in the Com Cent?

A

According to how much property he owns.

58
Q

What was the character if the Com Cent?

A

Very aristocratic

59
Q

Who could the Com Cent elect?

A

Elect higher magistrates (consuls, praetors and censors).

60
Q

What was the role of the Senate?

A

Central role in day-to-day functionality of the constitution. It makes foreign and military policy, and directs domestic policy.

61
Q

Who made up the Senate?

A

The most experienced politicians.

62
Q

What power did the censors have?

A

Could add new members to the Senate or expel members.

62
Q

Who did the Senate issue instructions to?

A

All magistrates other than tribunes.

63
Q

What was the Comitia Tributa?

A

An assembly of citizens divided into blocs called tribes. Each tribe gets one vote before the assembly. Both patricians and plebeians vote in this assembly.

64
Q

How are citizens assigned to tribes in the Com Trib?

A

According to their geographical location rather than property classification. As a result, this assembly is less aristocratic than the Com Cent.

65
Q

Which magistrates could the Com Trib elect?

A

Lower magistrates (qaestors and curule aediles).

66
Q

What was the Concilium Plebis?

A

A council almost identical to the Com Trib / A subset of the Com Trib.

67
Q

What are the differences from the Com Trib and Con Pleb?

A

The Con Pleb is presided over by a Plebeian Tribune and its tribes are only composed of plebeians.

68
Q

What was the difference in power for the Con Pleb after 287 BCE?

A

Any act passed by them would apply to all of the Senate and People of Rome.

69
Q

Who did the Con Pleb elect?

A

Plebeian magistrates (Plebeian Tribunes and Plebeian Aediles).

70
Q

What do the Tribunes have the power to do?

A

Veto any act of the Com Cent, Com Trib, Con Pleb or the Senate.

71
Q

What can any magistrate do?

A

Veto the action of a magistrate of equal or lesser rank.

72
Q

What were slaves in the Roman Republic?

A

People with no rights, regarded as possessions. They worked on farms, in mines, as gladiators and as prostitutes.

73
Q

Which groups made up the plebeians in the Republic?

A
  • The Tribunes
  • Ordinary people
74
Q

What were the tribunes?

A

Representatives of the plebeians.

75
Q

Who were included in ordinary people?

A

Townsfolk, farmers and soldiers.

76
Q

What 4 groups made up the patricians in the Republic?

A
  • Consuls
  • Praetors
  • Aediles
  • Quaestors
77
Q

What did the Consuls do?

A

Managed army and affairs of government. They could veto each other.

78
Q

How many consuls were there?

A

2

79
Q

Who were the Praetors?

A

Judges who administered Roman law

80
Q

How many praetors were there?

A

8

81
Q

What did the Aediles do?

A

Looked after particular matters of govt such as public buildings, food supply and games.

82
Q

What did the quaestors do?

A

Managed financial and administrative matters.

83
Q

What was the Senate comprised of in the Republic?

A

300 magistrates who served for life.

84
Q

What could the Senate not do?

A

Pass laws, could only propose them.

85
Q

Who did the Senate advise?

A

The Consuls

86
Q

What could one consul do in emergencies?

A

Become a dictator for six months.

87
Q

What could consuls do for 18 months?

A

Become a censor

88
Q

What did censors do?

A

Conducted a census of Rome every 5 years.

89
Q

What could praetors become?

A

Governors of provinces.

90
Q

What was the courses of offices referred to as?

A

Cursus honorum

91
Q

When was Augustus’ reign?

A

27 BCE to 14 AD

92
Q

What were emperors able to do under Augustus’ reign?

A
  • Able to introduce and veto laws.
  • Command the army.
93
Q

What happened to continuous consulships under Augustus?

A

They were retained

94
Q

Augustus was given the powers of a tribune for life by the Senate. What did this mean in practice?

A

Augustus could propose legislation and also veto laws.

95
Q

What did Augustus have which made his power superior to any magistrate?

A

Imperium maius

96
Q

What happened to the Senate under Augustus?

A

It survived and could endorse an emperor.

97
Q

What is a triumvirate or triarchy?

A

A political institution ruled or dominated by three individuals, known as triumvirs.

CLAH107: Framing the Classical World (2 decks)

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