Week 6 Pt 2 Flashcards
How many neurons in the human gastrointestinal tract?
100 million neurons
How many extrinsic nerve endings?
100,000
How many microbes in the human gastrointestinal tract?
40 trillion
How many different microbial species?
100
What is the percentage of body immune cells?
70-80%
What kind of communication occurs between brain and enteric nervous system?
Bi-directional
What are some examples of communication including the brain?
Brain and spinal cord
Brain and ENS
Brain and ANS
Brain and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
What is the gut connected to?
Primitive part of the brain
What is the human gut seen as?
A repository of good and bad feelings
What is the corticolimbic system consists of?
Prefrontal cortex
Amygdala
Hippocampus
What is orexigenic?
Appetite stimulant
What are examples of orexigenic?
Central - NPY, AgRP
Peripheral - Ghrelin, GIP
What is NPY?
Neuropeptide Y
What is AgRP?
Agouti-related peptide
What is GIP?
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
What is Anorexigenic?
Loss of appetite
What are examples of a orexigenic?
Central - POMC, CART
Peripheral - GLP-1, PP, Amylin, insulin, CCK, PYY, Leptin
What is POMC?
Pro-opiomelanocortin
What is CART?
Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript
What is PP?
Pancreatic polypeptide
What is CCK?
Cholecystokinin
What is PYY?
Peptide YY
What are examples of energy intake?
Hunger
Satiety
Nutrient absorption
What are examples of energy expenditure?
Metabolic rate (REE)
Thermogenesis
Activity (NREE)
What does the brain gut axis control?
Food intake and appetite
What is homeostatic signal?
Eating due to energy depletion
What is non-homeostatic signal?
Eating purely a cognitive function
What does the gut brain axis consist of?
Hypothalamus
Brainstem
Corticolimbic system
What receives gut hormone signal via median eminence and area postrema?
Hypothalamus
Brainstem
What does the corticolimbic system process?
Hedonistic
Environmental
Social
Taste influences
What converges directly and indirectly with the hypothalamus to form a communication network?
Gut Pancreas Liver Adipose tissue Brainstem
What is the central control of apetite?
Hypothalamus
What does the hypothalamus do?
Integrate the peripheral signals and modulate apetite
What is the main nuclei regulating apetite?
Arcuate nucleus