Week 6 Pt 2

Question 1

How many neurons in the human gastrointestinal tract?

Answer 1

100 million neurons

Question 2

How many extrinsic nerve endings?

Answer 2

100,000

Question 3

How many microbes in the human gastrointestinal tract?

Answer 3

40 trillion

Question 4

How many different microbial species?

Answer 4

100

Question 5

What is the percentage of body immune cells?

Answer 5

70-80%

Question 6

What kind of communication occurs between brain and enteric nervous system?

Answer 6

Bi-directional

Question 7

What are some examples of communication including the brain?

Answer 7

Brain and spinal cord
Brain and ENS
Brain and ANS
Brain and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis

Question 8

What is the gut connected to?

Answer 8

Primitive part of the brain

Question 9

What is the human gut seen as?

Answer 9

A repository of good and bad feelings

Question 10

What is the corticolimbic system consists of?

Answer 10

Prefrontal cortex
Amygdala
Hippocampus

Question 11

What is orexigenic?

Answer 11

Appetite stimulant

Question 12

What are examples of orexigenic?

Answer 12

Central - NPY, AgRP

Peripheral - Ghrelin, GIP

Question 13

What is NPY?

Answer 13

Neuropeptide Y

Question 14

What is AgRP?

Answer 14

Agouti-related peptide

Question 15

What is GIP?

Answer 15

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide

Question 16

What is Anorexigenic?

Answer 16

Loss of appetite

Question 17

What are examples of a orexigenic?

Answer 17

Central - POMC, CART

Peripheral - GLP-1, PP, Amylin, insulin, CCK, PYY, Leptin

Question 18

What is POMC?

Answer 18

Pro-opiomelanocortin

Question 19

What is CART?

Answer 19

Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript

Question 20

What is PP?

Answer 20

Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 21

What is CCK?

Answer 21

Cholecystokinin

Question 22

What is PYY?

Answer 22

Peptide YY

Question 23

What are examples of energy intake?

Answer 23

Hunger
Satiety
Nutrient absorption

Question 24

What are examples of energy expenditure?

Answer 24

Metabolic rate (REE)
Thermogenesis
Activity (NREE)

Question 25

What does the brain gut axis control?

Answer 25

Food intake and appetite

Question 26

What is homeostatic signal?

Answer 26

Eating due to energy depletion

Question 27

What is non-homeostatic signal?

Answer 27

Eating purely a cognitive function

Question 28

What does the gut brain axis consist of?

Answer 28

Hypothalamus Brainstem Corticolimbic system

Question 29

What receives gut hormone signal via median eminence and area postrema?

Answer 29

Hypothalamus | Brainstem

Question 30

What does the corticolimbic system process?

Answer 30

Hedonistic Environmental Social Taste influences

Question 31

What converges directly and indirectly with the hypothalamus to form a communication network?

Answer 31

``` Gut Pancreas Liver Adipose tissue Brainstem ```

Question 32

What is the central control of apetite?

Answer 32

Hypothalamus

Question 33

What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 33

Integrate the peripheral signals and modulate apetite

Question 34

What is the main nuclei regulating apetite?

Answer 34

Arcuate nucleus