week 6 - prevention and determinants Flashcards
(48 cards)
What is a risk factor?
Risk factors predict initiation to drug use and risk of problems associated later in life
What are protective factors?
Protective factors mediate or moderate risk factors
Do risk and protective factors always directly influence drug use?
No, Risk and Protective factors may not directly influence drug use. Example, low socio-economic status
What is a key protective factor?
Resilience
Ability to be well adjusted and interpersonally effective in the face of an adverse environment
What is take home naxalone?
- Prenoxad ® 400ug doses in 0.4 ml (2mg/2ml syringe) for intramuscular use
- Nyxoid ® recently available for intranasal administration: 1.8 mg in 0.1 ml
- Now available over the counter and on prescription (S3 and S4)
- Supplied through Needle Syringe Program
What are determinants?
The range of risk and protective factors that make someone more or less likely to develop a drug use disorder
Risk factors are either a snowball or snowstor, what does this mean.
- snowball- earlier onset has a cumulative effect on subsequent, longer term risk trajectory.
- snowstorm - multiple risks experienced concurrently that increase likelihood of harmful drug use.
- “The more risk factors that persist over longer periods of time, the greater the subsequent Impact”
What are some risk factors prior to birth?
Social disadvantage
Family breakdown
Genetic influences
Maternal smoking & alcohol use
What are some protective factors prior to birth?
Birth outside of Australia
Key risk factor - low socioeconomic status
- Social disadvantage / low SES
- Highest drug use and problems exist in areas with low SES characteristic
- Low Social Status and the increasing disparity between the rich and the poor have been noted to impact upon morbidity, morality, and other health-risk behaviours such as drug use. This most likely arises through economic discrepancies producing personal and interpersonal insecurities, tensions, and conflict, which negatively influence physical and mental health, well-being, coping, and competence of individuals in the community
Differences by Drug Type
Most advantaged were more likely to have recently used, differences by drug type:
- Hallucinogens 6.1times
- Cocaine 3.9
- Inhalants 2.8
- Pharmaceutical stimulants 2.7
People in the lowest SE areas were 1.6 times more likely to have recently used pain-relievers and opioids
14–17-year-olds and 18–24-year-olds
- There was a decline in the proportion of people aged 14–17 who consumed alcohol at risky levels, from 9.5% to just 5.5% in 2022–2023.
- Illicit use of drugs higher among young females than young males for the first time
Risk factors - Trauma
- Children affected by abuse or neglect have a higher risk of problems later in life
- Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
- How might people think drugs are “helping” them with trauma?
- How might trauma impact treatment?
Risk factors - Genetics
-Genetic / biological
Examples:
◦ Variations in the metabolism of substances
◦ Temperament
◦ Behavioural problems
◦ Personality factors
Protective factors – Ethnicity?
Depends on a number of factors
◦ Some indication being born outside Australia is protective
- Family cohesion, rules and cultural norms, and parental supervision
◦ Also can be a risk factor ◦ Low SES communities, family trauma, social isolation
- Indigenous risk factor
◦ Not biological/genetic
◦ Related to poverty, disadvantage, cultural dispossession & exclusion, & some other cultural factors (sharing culture, no traditional rules for alc.)
Aboriginal people who drink do so at harmful levels
“While Aboriginal people generally drink less than non-Aboriginal people, those who do are more likely to drink at hazardous levels. Unfortunately, many
reports focus on these results rather than the fact
that generally they drink less.”
What are key risk factors in infancy and pre school?
parental neglect and abuse
What are key risk factors in primary school (5-11years)
Early school failure
Conduct disorder
Aggression
What are key protective factors in infancy and pre school?
Easy temperament
What are key protective factors in primary school (5-11years)
Social & emotional competence
Shy & cautious temperament
Risk Factors – Family Factors
Many family risk factors to consider
◦ Harmony vs. conflict
◦ Family relationships or support
- Parent and family drug use
◦ Parental role modelling risks - Modelling less influential than quality of relationships & parental family management techniques, e.g., alcohol use at parties
Risk Factors - Education
Academic failure/Learning or behavioural difficulties at school
◦ May be both a contributor to and a result of drug use
◦ Can result in detachment from school community
◦ Impact on self-perception
- Timing important
◦ Year 1 academic failure does not predict later delinquency
◦ Year 5 academic failure does predict later delinquency - Ongoing implications
◦ Poor academic performance can lead to a lack of training or employment opportunities
Protective Factors - Education
Pro-social contact
◦ Including positive relationships with adults
Minimises boredom
Enhances intelligence
Development and identification of talents
Explore future aspirations
Environment supporting positive health behaviours
Risk factors of secondary school (12-17years)
Low involvement in activities with adults
Perceived high level of community drug use
Community disadvantage and disorganisation
Availability of drugs
Positive media portrayal of drug use
Parent-adolescent conflict
Favourable parental attitudes to drug use
Parental AOD problems
Parental rules permitting drug use
Not completing secondary school
Peers who use drugs
Delinquency
Sensation seeking & adventurous personality
Favourable attitude toward drug use
