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hlth 230 > Week 6 (good) > Flashcards

Week 6 (good) Flashcards

1
Q

What are vitamins?

A
  • organic compounds
  • do not yield energy
  • micronutrients
  • vital to life
  • indispensible to bodily functions
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2
Q

What are precursors/provitamins?

A

transform chemically to one or more active vitamin forms

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3
Q

What does the measure of vitamin of a food usually include?

A
  • vitamin and the vitamin activity potential from its precursors
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4
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

the rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used

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5
Q

what is subclinical deficiency?

A

a deficiency in the early stages, before the outward signs have appeared

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6
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A
  • A
  • D
  • E
  • K
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7
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A
  • B vitamins
  • vitamin C
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8
Q

General characteristics of the fat soluble vitamins?

A
  • absorped into the lymph
  • trvel in blood in association with protein carriers
  • found in fats and oils of food
  • require bile for absorption
  • stored in liver and fatty tissues until needed
  • body can survive weeks without eating these vitamins (diet as a whole. meets the average amounts needed)
  • excess vitamin A and D can easily reach toxic levels
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9
Q

General characteristics of water soluble vitamins?

A
  • absorbed directly into bloodstream
  • travel freely in bloodstream
  • most are not stored to any great extent
  • excess excreted in urine
  • lower risk of toxicity than fat soluble vitamins
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10
Q

What are possible causes of deficiency for fat soluble vitamins?

A
  • likely if consistently low in fat soluble vitamins
  • fat malabsorption (has trouble digesting/absorbing it)
  • mineral oil laxatives can cause vitamin loss
  • very low fat diets interfere with absorption
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10
Q

What are the 3 active forms of Vitamin A in the body?

A
  • retinol
  • retinal
  • retinoic acid
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11
Q

What is the plant derived precursor for vitamin a?

A

beta carotene

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12
Q

What are the roles of Vitamin A? (general)

A
  • vision
  • gene expression
  • maintenance of body linings and skin
  • immunity
  • growth of bones and of the body
  • normal development of cells
  • critial importance to reproduction
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12
Q

What does the retina contain?

A

light sensitive nerve cells

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13
Q

what is the vitamin A containing pigment and what does it do?

A
  • rhodopsin
  • light bleaches this pigmemt
  • this pigment breaks off the vitamin, which intiates an impulse to the optic center in the brain
  • the vitamin reuintes with the pigment with very little vitamin a destruction
  • Vitamin A must regenerate the supply
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13
Q

What happens if Vitamin A supply runs low

A
  • night blindness
  • a lag occurs before the eye can see again after a flash of bright light
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14
Q

What is keratinization and how can it occur?

A
  • kertain accumulation of the cornea can occur with vitamin A deficiency
  • can lead to xerosis (drying) then to thickening (xerophthalmia) causing permanent blindness
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15
Q

How can keratinization be prevented if caught early? why is this important

A
  • can be reversed with vitamin A supplementation or regular consumption of vegetables and fruit
  • important to prevent permanent blindess
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16
Q

How does Vitamin A play a role in control of gene expression?

A

retinoic acid activates/deactivates certain genes thereby affecting protein production

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16
Q

How is Vitamin A important for skin and body linings?

A
  • needed by all epithelial tissue (serve as protection)
  • this vitamin promotes cell differentations (so it develops to serve a particular function)
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17
Q

How does Vitamin A play a role in immunity?

A
  • regulation of genes that produce immune system proteins
  • deficiency can lead to malnutrition and infection
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18
Q

How does Vitamin A play a role in growth?

A

assists in growth of bones and teeth

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19
Q

Consequences of Vitamin A deficiency?

A
  • cell differentiation and maturation impaired
  • can’t produce mucus
  • increase in keratin producing cells
  • more vulnerable to infection
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20
Q

True or False: supplemental vitamin A cuts childhood death rates

A
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21
Q

How can vitamin A toxicity occur and consequences?

A
  • can occur from supplements or fortified foods, children who think vitamins are candy
  • may weaken bones, bone and joint pain, abdominal pain, stunted growth, liver damage

early symptoms: loss of appetite, blurred vision, growth failure in children, headache, skin itching, irritability

long term symptoms: bone weakening and hip fracture

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22
Q

Connection between vitamin a toxicity and acne?

A
  • teens who take large doses for acne
  • acutane is derived from vitamin a
  • vitamin a supplements do not help with acne
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23
Q

Will Beta Carotene cause Vitamin A toxicity?

A

NO

  • can turn yellow/orange due to deposition in subcataneous fat
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23
Q

Does eating carrots really promote good vision?

A
  • bright deep orange fruits and veggies and dark green veggies (rich in beta carotene) have a role in healthy eyesight
  • does not improve vision if vitamin a intake is already adequate
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24
Q

what does lack of foods rich in beta carotene increase the risk of?

A

macular degeneration (a disease that affects a person’s central vision)

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25
Q

What is one of the main dietary antioxidants linked to vitamin A?

A

beta carotene

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26
Q

Good food sources of vitamin A?

A
  • liver and fish oil
  • foritifed milk and milk products
  • eggs
  • beta carotene
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27
Q

As Vitamin D is not essential, how does the body make sufficient amounts of it?

A

can make it all it needs with the help of sunlight

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28
Q

Roles of Vitamin D?

A
  • regulation of blood calcium and phosphorus levels
  • maintains bone integrity
  • vitamin D can raise blood calcium levels (promotes absorption, retention by kidneys, draws calcium from bones)
  • functions as hormone (brain, heart, stomach, pancreas, skin, reproductive organs, cancer cells, immune cells)
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29
Q

What does deficiency of vitamin D promote?

A
  • high blood pressure
  • some cancers
  • Type I diabetes
  • heart disease
  • arthritis
  • inflammatory bowel disease
  • MS
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30
Q

What is Rickets?

A
  • vitamin D deficiency disease in children
  • abormal bone growth
  • bowed legs, outward bowed chest, knobs on ribs
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30
Q

what is the vitamin D deficiency disease in children?

A

Rickets

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31
Q

What does health canada recommend for breastfed babies in relation to Vitamin D?

A

all breastfed healthy term infants recieve a 400 IU Vitamin D supplement each day

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32
Q

Why can consuming soft drinks lead to bone loss later in life?

A
  • risk for bone loss later in life due to potential lack of Vitamin D in adolescents who consume soft drinks rathern than vitamin D fortified milk or alternatives
  • prefer indoor to outdoor activities
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33
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A
  • the adult form of rickets
  • mostly occurs in women who have low calcium levels, little exposure to the sun, who go through many pregnancies and lactation
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33
Q

How can too much Vitamin D become a danger to soft tissues?

A
  • very toxic of all of the other vitamins in excess
  • continued overdoses cause dangerously high blood calcium level, forcing calcium to be deposited in soft tissues
  • these tissues could be the heart, blood vessels, lungs, or kidneys
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34
Q

Does skin synthesis of vitamin D pose a risk of toxicity?

A

no, the sun begins breaking down excess vitamin D made in the skin

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34
Q

How can sunscreens actually be negative for vitamin synthesis?

A

it reduces sun risks, but also prevents vitamin d synthesis

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34
Q

What is osteoporosis Canada’s recommendations for adults with osteoporosis or at high risk for vitamin D supplementation?

A

800IU-2000IU daily regardless of age

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35
Q

What is osteoporosis Canada’s recommendations for routine supplementation of vitamin D for those with no osteoporosis risk for 19-50 year olds?

A

400-1000IU daily

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36
Q

Why do recommendations for vitamin D intake increase with age?

A

since the skins ability to synthesize vitamin D declines with age. Also, as you get old you tend to spend less time outside.

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36
Q

What are sources of Vitamin D?

A
  • sunlight
  • some from butter, cream, margarine
  • fortified milk
  • egg yolks, fatty fish, fish oil
  • mushrooms
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36
Q

What does vitamin E consist of?

A

4 tocopherol compounds

37
Q

what does oxidative damage result from?

A

free radicals: could lead to cancer, heart disease, and other diseases

37
Q

What does the antioxidant activity of vitamin E do?

A

defends the body against oxidative damage

37
Q

What are some of vitamim E’s roles?

A

protect red and white blood cells, immunity, nerve development

38
Q

Do supplements provide health benefits for Vitamin E?

A

no unless deficient

39
Q

How can vitamin E deficiency for infants occur? Why is it bad?

A
  • infants born before the transfer of vitamin E from their mother to the infant
  • erthyrocyte hemolysis is a rupruting of the red blood cells which results in anemia
40
Q

How can vitamin E increase the effects of anticoagulant medication?

A

can increase the effects

41
Q

Food sources of vitamin E?

A
  • lots of types
  • animal fats almost have no vitamin E
42
Q

Functions of Vitamin K?

A
  • synthesis of blood clotting proteins (intereferes with certain anticoagulant medications- blood thinners)
  • synthesis of normal form of bone proteins that bind minerals to bone
43
Q

Sources of Vitamin K?

A
  • intestinal bacteria (Cannot meet the body’s need)
  • leafy green vegiies
  • canola and soybean oils
  • eggs and milk
  • liver is the only rich animal source
43
Q

True or False: Newborns are given a dose of vitamin k?

A

true

44
Q

Who are at risk for vitamin K deficiency?

A
  • newborns
  • those on antibiotic treatment as it kills both the beneficial and harmful bacteria in the intestinal tract
45
Q

Who are at risk for vitamin K toxicity?

A
  • rare among healthy adults
  • infants and pregnant women: from over supplementation
  • can lead to jaundice and bilirubin the in the brain of an infant which could cause brain damage or death
46
Q

How can vitamin B and C be ‘leeched out’ of food?

A

cooking and washing

47
Q

What is the general advice for meeting your water soluble vitamin needs?

A

choose foods daily that are rich in water soluble vitamins to achieve the recommended intakes regularly

48
Q

how can toxicity for the water soluble vitamins occur?

A
  • not from food
  • can occur from the large doses concentrated in some vitamin supplements (expensive urine)
49
Q

What is scurvy?

A
  • vitamin C (absorbic acid) deficiency
  • to avoid scurvy, british sailors were given lime juice
50
Q

What are the roles of vitamin C?

A

maintenance of connective tissues:
* component of bone, teeth, skin, etc
* formation and maintenance of collagen

anxtioxidant:
* protect substrances found in foods and the body
* protects iron from oxidation
* protects blood constituents from oxidation
* helps protect vitamin E

**supplements only useuful to treat a deficiency disease, do not help protect against heart disease, cancer, etc

51
Q

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin C?

A
  • most scurvy symptoms are due to collagen breakdown
  • loose teeth, bleeding gums, anemia, etc
  • the risk of scurvy is low in North America
  • people at risk: elderly, food insecurity, addicted people, infants who are fed cow milk and not breast milk or formula (know this i think)
52
Q

Vitamin C and the immune system?

A
  • supports immune system functions, and protects against infection
  • not been shown to prevent colds
  • a small benefit from vitamin C high dose intake at the onset of a cold
  • may shorten duration of cold or reduce the symptoms
53
Q

How can vitamin C work as a weak antihistamine?

A
  • 2 grams per day for 2 weeks seems to reduce blood histamine
  • this is the substrance that is responsible for sneezing, runny/stuffy nose, swollen sinuses
  • vitamin C works as a weak antihistamine

*also need to consider the placebo effect

54
Q

What can overconsumption of vitamin C lead to?

A
  • massive doses may interfere with medications to prevent blood clotting
  • may be dangerous for people with an overload of iron
55
Q

What does smoking do to vitamin C?

A

smoking introduces oxidants that deplete vitamin C

56
Q

What is the RDA for smoking and vitamin C?

A

RDS set high 35 mg higher of vitamin C intake for smokers

57
Q

Food sources of vitamin C?

A
  • citrus fruits
  • dark green vegetaables
  • potateos
58
Q

What do the B vitamins act a part of?

A
  • act as part of coenzymes
  • coenzyme combine with and activate an enzyme
59
Q

What are the B vitamins roles in metabolism?

A
  • metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids
  • thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, panthothenic acid, and biotin all help release the energy stores in the energy yielding nutrients
  • vitamin B6 helps the body make protein
  • folate and vitamin B12 help cells to multiply
60
Q

What are vitamin B deficiencies?

A
  • every cell affected
  • cell renewal depends on energy and protein, which depends on B vitamins
  • a thiamin deficiency during growth can cause permanent brain damage
  • deficiency of any one B vitamin rarely shows up alone, because people eat foods that contain mixtures of nutrients
61
Q

What is the role of thiamin?

A
  • energy metabolism
  • nerve processes and their responding tissue (muscle)
62
Q

What is beriberi?

A
  • thiamin deficiency
  • loss of sensation in hands and feet, muscular weakness, advancing paralysis, abnormal heart action
  • wet beriberi: edema present
  • dry beriberi: no edema
63
Q

What is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome?

A
  • thiamin deficiency?
  • alcohol abuse with severe tiamin deficiency
  • alcohol displaces food in the diet, impaires thiamin absorption, promotes thiamin excretion in the urine
  • symptom: mental confusion, disorientation, loss of memory, jerky eye movements, staggering gait, apathy, irritabilitu
  • treatment: thiamin by IV or orally (alcohol withdrawl process in hospitals)
64
Q

Sources of thiamin?

A
  • one of the B vitamins
  • widespread in healthy foods
  • pork products, sunflower seeds while grain cereals, legumes are rich sources
65
Q

Role of riboflavin?

A

energy metabolism of all cells

66
Q

What is the deficinecy of riboflavin?

A
  • generally accompanies other vitamin deficiencies
  • result of poor diet
  • often accompanies thiamin deficiency
67
Q

What is ariboflavinosis?

A
  • riboflavin deficiency
  • inflammation of the membranes of the mouth, skin, eyes an GI tract
  • smooth, purplilish red tongue
  • may go undetected because thiamin deficiency symptoms more severe
  • children who lack milk products and meats are at risk
  • treatment: a diet that treats a riboflavin deficiency also resolves a thiamin deficiency
68
Q

Sources of riboflavin?

A
  • widespread in healthy foods
  • milk and milk products
  • leaft green vegetables
  • whole grain breads
  • enriched/fortified grain products
  • some meats and eggs
69
Q

what is the role of niacin?

A

energy metabolism

70
Q

What is pellagra?

A
  • niacin deficiency
  • called the “4 Ds”
  • Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death
  • poorly nourished people living in poverty and especially those with alcohol addiction are at risk
71
Q

Sources of niacin?

A
  • tryptophan (which is abundant in almost all proteins) can be converted to niacin
  • if you eat enough protein, will not be deficient in niacin
  • milk ,eggs, meat, poultry, fish, whole grains, fortified and enriched grains, nuts and seeds
72
Q

What are the impacts of niacin toxicity?

A
  • large doeses can cause niacin flish (painful tingling, flush, hives)
  • can injure the liber and cause blurred vision
  • large doses of a form of niacin (nicotinic acid) may be prescibed to lower blood lipids
73
Q

What is the role of folate?

A
  • DNA synthesis
  • part of coenzymes for new cell synthesis
74
Q

What type of deficiency is this line describing: “Because immature red and white bloof cells and cells of the GI tract divide rapidly, they are most vulerable to a deficiency”

A

folate deficiency

75
Q

What deficiency can cause anemia?

A
  • folate deficiency
  • megaloblastic anemia or macrocytic anemia
  • large immature red blood cells
  • related to anemia of vitamin B12 deficiency
75
Q

What can a folate deficient diet increase the risk of?

A
  • CVD
  • colon and cervical cancer
76
Q

What can NTDs (neural tube birth defects be caused with which type of deficiency)?

A
  • folate deficiency
  • would cause problems with spinal cord, mental delay, severly diminshed brain size or even death after birth
  • arise in the first few days or weeks of pregnancy
  • most women eat too few fruits and veggies to supply folate need
77
Q

Where is fortification seen and what does it cause?

A
  • folate fortification is seen in bleached white grain products
  • now fortified with folic acid
  • since fortification began, folate intakes have increased
78
Q

What are the seen effects of folate toxicity?

A
  • can mask vitamin B12 deficiency
  • excess folate may be antagonostic to the actions of some anticancer drugs
79
Q

What is DFE?

A
  • dietary folate equivalent
  • converts all forms of folate into units that are equivalent to the folate in food
80
Q

How are DFE calculations done?

A
  • folate from foods is given full credit
  • fortified foods and supplements are given extra credit (1.7x more available)

ex. 100 micrograms from food, 100 micrograms from supplements
100+(100* 1.7)
=100+170
==270 micrograms of DFE

81
Q

Sources of folate?

A
  • leafy green vegetables
  • fresh uncooked vegetables and fruits
  • heat of cooking destroys
  • eggs
  • orange juice and legumes
82
Q

RDA for folate for healthy adults and pregnancy?

A

healthy adults: 400 mcg DFE/day

pregnancy: 600 mcg DFE/day

83
Q

What is the role of vitamin B12?

A
  • close relationship with folate
  • vitamin B12 is activated by folate
  • folate is activated by vitamin B12
  • maintenance of the sheaths that surround and protect nerve fibres
84
Q

Effects of vitamin B12 deficiency?

A
  • damaged nerve sheaths
  • creeping paralysis
  • general malfunctioning of nerves and muscles
  • deficiency results in failure of folate to make red blood cells
  • vitamin B12 deficiency same anemia as folate
  • folate will clear up anemia, but the vitamin B12 deficiency continues
85
Q

If you have anemia from a folate deficiency, what should you also take?

A

give b12 vitamins as well if there are symptoms of folate deficiency incase of b12 deficiency

86
Q

Who are those at risk for vitamin B12 deficiency?

A
  • the elderly (absorption problems, decreased stomach acidity and decreased intrinsic factor)
  • atrophic gastrics (inherited gene defect for intrinsic factor production, mid-adulthood)
  • vegans (deficiency symptoms take time, must be sure to use vitamin B12 fortified products or supplements)
87
Q

What is Vitamin B12 absorption?

A
  • requires intrinsic factor
  • a compound made by stomach
  • the stomach’s acid liberates vitamin B12 from food, intrinsic factor then binds to the vitamin
  • the complex is then abosrbed from the small intestine into the blood
88
Q

What is prenicious anemia?

A
  • a vitamin B12 deficiency diseases
  • caused by lack of intrinsic factor and characterized by large, immature red blood cells
  • treatment would be B12 injections
89
Q

Sources of B12?

A
  • animal sources are the only sig. source
  • milk and fish
  • fortified plant foods
90
Q

What are the many roles of vitamin B6?

A
  • 100+ reactions in the tissues
  • assist in conversions of one amino acid to another needed amino acid- protein synthesis
  • aids in the conversion of tryptophan to niacin
  • neurotransmitter synthesis: conversion of tryptophan to serotonin
  • hemoglobin synthesis
  • assists in release of stored glucose from glycogen, contributing to the regulation of blood glucose
  • immune function
  • steroid hormonal activity
  • fetal brain and nervous system development
91
Q

General symptoms of Vitamin B6 deficiency?

A
  • weakness
  • psychologcial depression
  • confusion
  • irritability
  • insomnia
  • anemia
  • greasy dermatitis
92
Q

Advanced cases of vitamin B6 deficiency?

A
  • covulsions
  • may weaken the immune system
  • evidence that low intakes may be related to increased risk of heart disease
93
Q

symptoms of vitamin B6 toxicity?

A
  • seen in women who took 2+ grams/day for 2+ months
  • numb feet
  • lost sensation in their hands
  • evetually became unable to walk or work
  • recovered after they stopped taking the supplements
94
Q

where is vitamin B6 extensively stored?

A

in muscle tissue unlike the other water soluble vitamins

95
Q

sources of vitamin B6?

A
  • protein rich foods: meat, fish, poultry
  • legumes and peanut butter
  • potatoes, leafy green vegetables, some fruit
96
Q

What is homocytesine?

A
  • elevated homocytestine may be an indicator of CVD risk
  • deficiencies of folate, vitamin B12 or Vitamin B6 cause excess homocytestine to build up in the blood
  • supplements of these vitamins lead to a sig. drop in homocytesine level
  • it is unknown how this affects a person’s CVD risk
97
Q

what is the role of biotin?

A
  • energy metabolism
  • cofactor for several enzymes in the metabolism of carbohydrate, fat, protein
98
Q

Symptoms and cause of biotin deficiency?

A
  • may occur with some rare diseases
  • consumption of dozens of raw egg whites per day, which contain a protein that binds biotin (avidin), will result in a defencieny
  • cooking eggs denatures this protein
99
Q

sources of biotin?

A

widespread in foods

100
Q

what is the role of pantothenic acid?

A
  • energy metabolism
  • coenzyme that plays a role in the release of energy from the energy nutrients
  • plays a role in 100+ steps concerned with the synthesis of lipids, neurotransmitters, steroid hormones and hemoglobin
101
Q

how can deficiency occur for pantothenic acid?

A

may occur with some rare diseases

hlth 230 (6 decks)

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