Week 6 - foundation and application of health informatics Flashcards
What are PMS (NAPRA def’n) (3)
Must support the delivery of patient care including the dispensing of drugs
ability to record, display, store, and exchange patient specific information
must facilitate information exchange with external systems (EHR)
-preserving confidenciality and security of PHI processed or transmitted
PMS vs EMR (3)
a product order/inventory management system
detailed medication product information, including quants, exp dates, appearance
insurance/health benefit electronic billing
Big picture of EHR/EMR/PMS/DIS
EMR sends info <–> EHR
EHR contains:
- patient registries
- lab information systems
- diagnostic imaging repositories
- provider registries
- DIS
- public health surveillance
EHR sends info <—> PMS
What are databases
database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system
records or data meant to be shared by many users for a variety of applications
What is the main component of a database
heat of a database is the DBMS (database management system)
allows for creation, modification, and updating the database; retrieval of data; generation of reports
examples of DBMS (5)
MS Access
MySQL
IBM DB2
Oracle database
MS SQL Server
Databases that we may be apart of
public library
university phone book
bank
insurance
credit card
What are benefits of belonging to databases (ones we part of)
Access to books, money, etc
making contact with people
paying without cash
storing/accessing money
what are some drawbacks to databases (3)
potential risks to privacy
opportunities for crime
errors can lead to problems (credit denial)
creating a new patient record (kroll)
enter name —> insert
fill in rest of info —-> select
hierarchy of data (3)
- field
- record
- table or file
field
particular piece of data (name + value)
Record
a collection of related data (fields) about one entity, situation, or event
Table or file
an unordered collection of related records having the same attributes (names and types of fields), representing a collection of similar entities, situations, or events
example of field (kroll patient record)
last name address etc
example of record (kroll patient record)
one patient record
example of table (kroll patient record)
a list of all patients
Kroll what is patient records
list of all patients
Kroll what is prescriber records
list of all prescribers
Kroll drug records
a list of all drugs
single vs multi- table managemet
adv (2) and difficulties (4) of single table?
advantages
- all data kept together (like a single worksheet)
- stored data similar to useful data entry and report format
difficulties
- duplication of data
- waste of space
- costly to update
- greater chance for errors
solution to duplication
use multiple tables and introduce fields to connect them
-
database definition (not NAPRA)
- def’n
- how store (2)
collection of related tables
ex. table for student courses, instructors, marks
stored as collection of files (one per table) or one file containing all related tables
normal form
- Database normalization def’n
- process involves what
Database normalization is the process of organizing fields and tables within a relational database to minimize redundancy and dependency
-process involces breaking tables into smaller tables and defining relationships between them
Table relationships
records in one table may be linked to records in another table by comparing values stored in any fields in those tables
Primary key
- what is it
uniquely identifies occurrences / records (rows)
ex. student-ID IDs a unique student. name, adress
can a primary key be empty
cannot be empty and is used to ID the rest of the record in the table
examples of Primary keys
student number, ISBN, acquisition number, part number, car registration, model number, etc
primary key
-may require more than one field to make each record unique
compound or composite key
primary key for student table is what
student ID
-see ppt (slide 20)
primary key for course table is
course code
-see ppt
Foreign key
the field that links a dependent table to its primary table
-see ppt (slide 21)
1-to-1 relationship
occurs when one record in one table matches exactly one record in another table
1-to-many relationship
occurs when one record in one table matches several records in another table
many-to-many relationship
occurs when records in one table have many associations in either direction
1-to-1 relationship examples
product and product package
- only one product package for each product
- 1:1
employee and office
- each employee has a unique office, one office is given to one employee
- 1:1
1-to-many relationship example
physician to patient
- physician in an organization is assigned many pateints, but a patient is assigned only one physician
- 1 to infinity
emplyee to department
- an emplyee is a member of only one department but ea department has many employees
- infinity to one
Many to Many example
salesperson to sales area
- salesperson can call on many cities and a city can be a sales area for many sales person
- inf:inf
student to courses
- a student can have many courses while at the same time a course may have many students enrolled in it
- inf to inf
defining relationships
table A to B to C
1) name of related file (table B)
2) fields to be linked
- always a filed in Table A and how it is related to some field in table B
- often, but not always, foreign key in A = primary key in B
3) relationship type
- there are 3 types
does the foreign key in A always equal the primary key in B
Often but NOT ALWAYS
how do you retrieve data
- technical term
- what is it usually
technical term
-querying database
usually use SQL
-structured query language
what does a query consist of
A select list
-where the columns to be retrieved are specified
A from clause
- where the table or tables to be accessed are specified
