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APSC 151 - Geological Engineering > Week 6: Engineering Practice, Properties, Natural Hazards > Flashcards

Week 6: Engineering Practice, Properties, Natural Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

What does one need to have to become a professional engineer?

A
  1. Engineering degree from an accredited engineering program at a Canadian University (or possess equivalent qualifications)
  2. Fulfill engineering work experience required for the respective province or territory for whence you’re applying for a license.
  3. Pass the Professional Practice Examination (PPE - good ethics)
  4. Demonstrate good character.
  5. Language requirements (must demonstrate ability to communicate in both English and French, depending on province or territory).
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2
Q

What is the responsibility of the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board?

A

Reviews and accredits all engineering programs in Canada.

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3
Q

List five examples of physical PROPERTIES of a mineral/rock body.

A
  • bpt
  • fpt
  • mpt
  • condensation point
  • evap. point
  • ductility
  • malleability
  • solubility
  • electrical conductivity
  • brittle
  • magnetic
  • thermal conductivity
  • porosity
  • permeability
  • resistivity
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4
Q

List five examples of physical CHANGES in a mineral/rock body.

A
  • boiling
  • freezing
  • melting
  • condensing
  • evaporating
  • stretching into wire
  • hammer into sheet
  • dissolving
  • moving electricity
  • shattering
  • magnetic conduction
  • moves thermal energy
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5
Q

What are the average porosities (%) of sand, sandstone, mud, shale, chalk, and limestone?

A 
Sand: 30-50%
Sandstone: 1-5%
Mud: 70-80%
Shale: 5-20%
Chalk: 50%
Limestone: 20%
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6
Q

Permeability is a function of:

A

The speed of groundwater flow.

v = k(delta h/delta L)

Where k is the permeability coefficient, h is the hydraulic head, and L is the distance between two points of measurement.

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7
Q

What is ‘specific gravity’, and how is it different from ‘specific weight’?

A

Specific gravity: the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a standard (water, with S.G. = 1).

Specific weight: Weight of a substance per unit volume (mass x g)/(m^3)

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8
Q

What is stress, and what is the equation for stress?

A

Force applied per unit area.

Stress (sigma) = Force / Area

N/m^2

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9
Q

What is strain? Linear strain?

A

Strain is the change in the shape or size of a rock caused by stress.

Linear strain (epsilon): change in length / original length

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10
Q

What is the equation for elastic stiffness? (elastic force)

A

Elastic force = kx

Where k = stiffness coefficient, x = displacement

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11
Q

What is another equation for stress that involves Young’s Modulus, E?

A

Stress (sigma) = E x epsilon

Recall: epsilon = linear strain

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12
Q

What are the three types of strength that a rock body may succumb to?

A
  1. Compressive
  2. Tensile
  3. Shear
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13
Q

Granite has ___ compressive strength, but ___ tensile strength.

A

Granite has HIGH compressive strength, but LOW tensile strength.

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14
Q

STIFFER material constitutes a _____ applied stress vs. strain graph and a _____ value for Young’s Modulus, E.

A

STIFFER material constitutes a STEEP applied stress vs. strain graph and a HIGH value for Young’s Modulus, E.

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15
Q

STRONGER material contains a _____ drop on the applied stress vs. strain graph than weaker material.

A

STRONGER material contains a HIGHER drop on the applied stress vs. strain graph than weaker material.

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16
Q

The applied stress vs. strain graph for a MORE DUCTILE material will contain a _____ while a LESS DUCTILE material will contain an immediate _____.

A

The applied stress vs. strain graph for a MORE DUCTILE material will contain a PLATEAU while a LESS DUCTILE material will contain an immediate DROP.

17
Q

What is the linear equation for shear stress, tau?

A

T (tau) = c + (mu)(sigma)

Where c is the cohesion (y-intercept), mu is the friction coefficient, and sigma is the normal stress.

18
Q

What is ‘mass wasting’?

A

Downslope movement of rock and soil under direct influence of gravity.

19
Q

List three controls and/or triggers of mast wasting.

A
  • Saturation of material with water (water pressure reduces frictional resistance, cohesion, and adds weight)
  • Oversteepened slopes
  • Loss of anchoring vegetation
  • Earthquake vibration
20
Q

Describe a ‘rock fall’ and the triggers associated with it.

A
  • Extremely rapid mass movement in which rocks of any size fall through air
  • Trigger: undercutting, earthquakes, frost wedging, chem. weathering
21
Q

Describe a ‘rock slide’ and the triggers associated with it.

A
  • Generally very fast and destructive onslaught of rock mass down inclined slope
  • Trigger: earthquakes, rain, snow melt in spring
22
Q

What was the most famous Canadian rock slide?

A

Frank Slide (1903)

44,000,000m^3

70 fatalities

23
Q

Describe a ‘slump’ and the triggers associated with it.

A
  • Downward sliding mass of rock or unconsolidated material as a unit a long a curved surface
  • Rupture forms spoon-shaped scrap
  • Block tilts backward due to rotation
  • Trigger: oversteepened slopes
24
Q

Describe

‘debris flow’.

A
  • Rapid event that involves flow of soil and regolith with large amount of water
  • (Lahars) composed mostly of wet volcanic materials that rush down flanks of volcanoes
25
Q

Describe ‘earth flow’ and the triggers associated with it.

A
  • Slow viscous movement on hillsides

- Trigger: Water saturates soil and regolith, materials often rich in clay and silt

26
Q

Why is San Francisco very prone to earthquakes?

A

Settles on top of a zone with lots of sheer faults, creating large earthquakes. Specific area of California settles mostly on muds deposited into the ocean, which further amplifies the effects of the earthquake(s).

27
Q

What is an earthquake?

A

A vibration of the Earth’s crust produced by rapid release of energy, which generate seismic waves that radiate and travel through Earth.

28
Q

What is the ‘hypocentre’ and the ‘epicentre’?

A

Hypocentre: the ‘focus’ of the earthquake, or the area inside the crust from whence the earthquake originated.

Epicentre: the point on the surface right above the hypocentre/focus.

29
Q

Describe the process of an earthquake (vibrations, rebounds, etc)

A
  1. Rocks on both sides of a fault are deformed by tectonic forces.
  2. Rocks bend and store elastic energy
  3. Rocks rupture, then perform elastic rebound.
  4. Rebound radiates seismic waves (like spring oscillations)
30
Q

The Richter scale goes up by a factor of _____ per level.

A

Approx. 32 (or root 1000)

31
Q

What is ‘liquefaction’?

A

Seismic vibrations cause saturated sand grains to separate, so the ground temp. becomes fluid.

32
Q

What are some of the hazards caused by earthquakes?

A
  • liquefaction
  • differential settlement and fault offset
  • mass movement / landslides
  • structural damage
  • tsunamis

APSC 151 - Geological Engineering (15 decks)

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