week 6 Content. Blood and the cardiovascular system

Question 1

What are the primary components of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

1. the heart
2. the blood and blood vessels

Question 2

Briefly describe the role of the heart, blood, and blood vessels in the cardiovascular system

Answer 2

1. the heart- pumps blood around the body
2. the blood and blood vessels:
   - veins: carry de-oxygenated blood back to the heart
   - arteries: carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, around the body
   - capillaries: responsible for waste removal and gas and nutrient exchange

Question 3

Where is the heart located within the thoracic cavity? Describe its position relative to the sternum and lungs

Answer 3

Location: under the sternum and lungs

Question 4

What is the approximate size of the heart? how many beats and how much blood is pumped per day

Answer 4

• size of fist
• beats: 100,000 times a day
• blood volume: 14 000L/day

Question 5

Identify the major anatomical areas of the heart, including the atria, ventricles, and the pericardium

Answer 5

• right atrium
• right ventricle
• left atrium
• left ventricle
• pericardium membrane

Question 6

Describe the layers of the heart wall

Question 7

Describe the flow of deoxygenated blood entering the heart, starting with the vessels that bring blood to the right atrium

Answer 7

• superior and inferior vena cava and the coronoid sinus bring de-oxygenated blood flows into the right atrium
• flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle.
• blood is pumped via the pulmonary artery to the pulmonary system in the lungs - re-oxygenated
• blood flows back to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein
• blood flows into the left ventricle
• blood is pumped out of the heart via the aorta and sent around the body via arteries and veins

Question 8

What is the main purpose of the pulmonary circuit? Which side of the heart is involved in this circuit?

Answer 8

• pump de-oxygenated blood to the lungs
• return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Question 9

What is the main purpose of the systemic circuit? Which side of the heart is involved in this circuit?

Answer 9

Pumping blood around the body.
The left ventricle pumps blood out of the heart via the aorta

Question 10

Contrast the type of blood (oxygenated or deoxygenated) carried by the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins

Answer 10

Pulmonary artery = carries de-oxygenated blood to the lungs
Pulmonary Vein = carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Question 11

Name the four heart valves and describe their locations

Answer 11

Atrioventricular (AV) valves: are found between the atria and ventricles
1. tricuspid - Right
2. bicuspid - left

Semilunar valves:
3. Pulmonary
4. Aortic

Question 12

Explain the function of the semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic). How do they prevent backflow?

Question 13

Explain the function of the atrioventricular (AV) valves (tricuspid and mitral/bicuspid). How do they prevent backflow?

Answer 13

AV: contain cusps
1. tricuspid = 3 cusps
2. bicuspid = 2 cusps
atria open = ventricle is closed
- In a relaxed state, the atria fills with blood, and high pressure causes the closure of valves.
- In a contacted state, aortic

Question 14

Describe how the pressure changes in the left ventricle during contraction and relaxation affect the opening and closing of the mitral and aortic valves

Question 15

What vessels provide the heart muscle itself with oxygenated blood? From which major vessel do these originate?

Question 16

Describe how deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle is returned to the right atrium. Name the major vessel involved in this drainage

Question 17

Describe the general structure of blood vessel walls, including the three tunics (tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa)

Question 18

How does the thickness of the tunica media differ between arteries and veins? How does this relate to their function?

Question 19

What are the key structural features of arteries that allow them to withstand high pressure?

Question 20

What are the key structural features of veins, and how do these structures aid in returning blood to the heart, especially against gravity?

Question 21

Describe the structure of capillaries and how their thin walls facilitate exchange of substances

Question 22

Compare the direction of blood flow in arteries and veins relative to the heart

Question 23

Explain the role of capillaries in the exchange of nutrients, wastes, and gases

Question 24

What is the cardiac cycle?

Question 25

Describe the sequence of events that occur during atrial systole and diastole, and how this relates to ventricular filling

Question 26

Describe the sequence of events that occur during ventricular systole and diastole, and how this relates to blood ejection and ventricular filling

Question 27

How do the heart valves open and close during the different phases of the cardiac cycle

Question 28

What is the intrinsic conduction system of the heart? What is its role?

Question 29

Name the key components of the intrinsic conduction system in the order that an electrical impulse travels through them

Question 30

Describe the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node and why it is considered the heart's pacemaker

Question 31

Explain the role of the atrioventricular (AV) node and the significance of the AV nodal delay

Question 32

Outline the pathway of the electrical signal from the AV node to the ventricular muscle cells, including the AV bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers

Question 33

Define blood pressure and explain how it is generated

Question 34

What is systolic pressure and when does it occur?

Question 35

What is diastolic pressure and when does it occur?

Question 36

Define stroke volume and what factors can influence it

Question 37

List the main substances that are exchanged between the blood in capillaries and the interstitial fluid

Question 38

Describe the mechanism of direct diffusion across capillary walls and give examples of substances that use this method

Question 39

Explain how diffusion through intercellular clefts occurs in capillaries

Question 40

What are fenestrated capillaries, and where are they commonly found? How does transport occur across them?

Question 41

Describe how transport via vesicles occurs across capillary walls

Question 42

Explain the concept of osmotic pressure in capillaries and how it influences fluid movement

Question 43

How is excess interstitial fluid returned to the cardiovascular system?

Question 44

What are the three primary categories of functions of blood?

Question 45

Provide specific examples of how blood functions in transportation

Question 46

Explain how blood contributes to the regulation of body temperature

Question 47

Describe the role of blood in maintaining acid-base balance, including the bicarbonate buffer system

Question 48

How does blood help in maintaining fluid-electrolyte balance?

Question 49

Describe the protective functions of blood, including defense against infection and prevention of blood loss

Question 50

What are the two main components of whole blood, and what are their approximate percentages

Question 51

List the main constituents of blood plasma

Question 52

What are the formed elements of blood?

Question 53

What is the approximate total blood volume in an average adult? What percentage of body weight does this represent?

Question 54

What is the main component of blood plasma? What is its percentage?

Question 55

List the major types of plasma proteins and briefly describe their functions (e.g., albumin, globulins, fibrinogen)

Question 56

Name some other important solutes found in plasma

Question 57

Explain the overall importance of blood plasma in maintaining homeostasis

Question 58

What are the three main categories of formed elements in blood?

Question 59

Describe the structure and primary function of red blood cells (erythrocytes). Why do they lack a nucleus and mitochondria?. What is hemoglobin?

Question 60

List the five types of white blood cells (leukocytes) and briefly describe the main function of each. Distinguish between granular and agranular leukocytes.

Answer 60

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils.

Question 61

Describe the structure and primary role of platelets (thrombocytes)

Question 62

What is a hemocytoblast? Where are they found?

Question 63

Explain the process of hematopoiesis

Question 64

Describe the role of the hemocytoblast as a stem cell in the development of different blood cell types. What factors influence the differentiation of blood cells?

Question 65

What determines a person's ABO blood type? Identify the different ABO blood types and the antigens present on their red blood cells

Question 66

Explain the basis for the antibodies found in the plasma of each ABO blood type

Question 67

Briefly describe the Rh blood group system

Question 68

What is agglutination and why is it a concern during blood transfusions?

Question 69

Explain the concept of blood compatibility in the ABO system. Which blood types can safely donate to and receive blood from each other?

Question 70

Why is it important to consider the Rh factor in blood transfusions?