Week 6: Communicable, Pandemics, Disaster, Risk and Harm Flashcards
what are the different modes of transmission?
- Direct (contact, droplet)
- Indirect (vehicle, vector, and airborne)
what are the different types of agent?
-bacteria
-virus
-fungus
-parasite
define infectivity?
the agents ability to enter the host and multiply
define invasiveness
the agents ability to spread throughout the host
define pathogenicity
ability to cause disease in the host
define virulence
a measure of the severity of disease caused by the agent
define toxignenicity
ability to produce damaging poison
define antigenicity
ability to stimulate an immune response
what is a reservoir?
where an agent generally survives, can be inanimate or animate
what is a direct transmission?
can only transfer in a distance less than 3 feet
what is contact transmission?
direct transfer with very close contact
e.g. STI
what is droplet transmission?
expelled large droplets from one person and picked up by another
e.g. flu, RSV, diphtheria
what is vehicle-borne transmission?
indirect transmission from animate object (HCP going from room to room), inanimate objects or fomite (shared objects), and food or liquid
what is vector-borne transmission?
an indirect transmission usually through mosquitoes
what is airborne transmission?
expelled small droplets through things like a cough or sneeze, and can go further and stick around longer
e.g. TB, COVID, chicken pox, common cold
what are the different patterns of transmission?
-unidirectional (nonhuman to human)
-vertical (parent to child)
-bidirectional (nonhuman to human to nonhuman)
-horizontal (person to person)
-endogenous (internal source)
-exogenous (external source
what is prevention?
reduce or eliminate exposure or susceptibility to a disease
what is control?
reduce incidence or prevalence of a disease at one point in time
what is elimination?
control of a disease within a specific geographical area
what is eradication?
reduce incidence world wide to zero
what is an incidence?
number of NEW cases
what is prevalence?
number of ALL cases
describe the latent period of infection?
period when an infectious agent enters a hose and finds favorable conditions and begins replicating
describe the communicability period of an infection?
period when the person is contagious
what is the incubation period of an infection?
period between invasion and symptoms
what is a pandemic?
when disease growth is exponential an cuts across international boundaries and is unpredictable
what is an epidemic?
refers to occurence of disease in a community or region in exccess of normal expectancy
what is an endemic?
refers to constant presence of a disease within a georgraphic area or population
what is examples of medical mistrust?
-Black Community (research on black slaved females, stealing cells and used to develop advances in science without consent, syphillis study, racism in general)
-CIA faked a HepB vaccination in Pakistan to steal DNA to find bin Laden’s son
what strategies are used to combat medical mistrust?
-having diverse physicians
-show authentic representation
-acknowledge racism
-engage trusted leaders
what are some examples of disease names and stigma?
-GRID
-certain locations
what does WHO say is the best practices for naming diseases?
stigma free?
what is NIMS?
“National Incident Management System”
is a standardizes approach to incident management and response in the U.S. developed bc of 911
when is NIMS used?
-Natural disasters
-Acts of Terrorism
-Falling of Infrastructure
-Transportation Incidents
what is a PIO?
responsible for communicating info to the public and media usually only to operation standards
what is an incident commander?
person in charge, responsible for creating a unified comand between agencies
point of contract
what is a safety officer?
responsible for monitoring hazards in say to day operations
what is a liasion officer?
relays info between incident commander, general staff and other agencies
what is the logistics section?
two groups: service and support branch. supplies food, water, medical response, equipement, and supplies
what are the three wings of the response to a medical emergency?
-triage (triage and tag all patients)
-treatment (separate pt and assign individuals to treat)
-transportation (in charge of pt movement)
what is a Mass Casualty Incident?
-3 or more patients
-requires mutual aid and strains
-de
What is a Mass Casualty Event?
-greater than 100 patients
What is a closed Mass Casualty Incident?
numbers of pt are not expected to change
What is an open Mass Causality?
unknown amount of casualities, search and rescue, and are normally long and ongoing
What is the gold standard algorithm?
START
“Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment”
what are the types of triage?
-Primary (on scene prior to transport or at hospital if arriving by foot or POV)
-Secondary I incident dependent, prior or during transport, at receiving facility, and an ongoing process)
what is the assessment criteria for START triage?
-ability to follow directions and walk
-resp effort
-pulse/perfusion
-mental status
what is black tag?
victim unlikely to survive , palliative care and pain
what is red tag?
victim can be helped by immediate intervention and transport, requiring care in the next 60 minutes
compromise to ABC
what is yellow tag?
transport can be delayed but include serious and potentially life threatening injury but VSS
what is green tag?
victimwith minor injuries status unlikely to deteroiate
can a child less than one be tagged green?
NOOO!!!
define disaster
any event that causes a level of destruction, death or injury that affect the ability of the community to respond
what is a natural disaster?
-sudden impact
-slow or chronic impact
-hurricane, storms, bug, etc.
what is a human generated disaster?
-unintentional/ intential
-nuclear
-chemical
-explosive
-technologic
what are the 4 phases of disaster management?
- Prevent
- Prepare
- Respond
4.Recover
whatt is a nerve agent?
are readily absorved by inhilation, ingestion, and dermal contact with rapid fatal systemic effects after exposure
e.g.
-Sarin
-VX (destroyed)
what are s/s of nerve agent exposure
h/a, +LOC, red eye, constricted pupils, tachy, HTN, then brady, and hypoBP, muscle weakness, profuse sweating, SOB, c/p, abd pain, incontinence
rapid onset
what are the s/s of carbon monoxide poisoning?
h/a, dizzy, SOA, sz, c/p
what are common causes of CO poisoning?
poorly vented furnance in winter
what is the treatment for CO poisoning?
-place on pulse ox with CO monitor
-place on high flow nonrebreather
-hyperbaric chamber and oxygen washout
what are the different HASMAT zones?
-Hot Zone/Red (contamination present, wear PPE, limited number)
-Warm Zone/Yellow (contamination control zone, PPE, decon corridor, life saving emergency care)
-Cold Zone/ Green (CP location, treatment/transport, medical monitoring/rehab)
what are some examples of harm reduction?
-syringe exchange
-free narcan
-free HIV and Hep test
-treatment referrals
-wearing a seat belt
-using a condom
-ANY POSITIVE CHANGE
how do you assess for potential OD?
-unable to wake up
-struggling to breathe
-decreased RR
-pallor
-lips and finger blue
-
when should you use naloxone?
ALWAYS
doesn’t harm if not OD
how d you administer naloxone?
IV, nasal
what is the care involved after giving naloxone?
-place in recovery position
-call 911
-rescue breathes
-if no response after 2-3 min give another dose
-only works temporarily
