Week 6- Chemical Mediators/Signal Transduction

Question 1

the receiving cell, which could be another nerve, a muscle, or a gland cell

Answer 1

postsynaptic cell

Question 2

name two lipid-soluble hormones

Answer 2

steroid and thyroid

Question 3

Second messenger activation through signal transduction pathways alter protein structure through ______ and ______

Answer 3

Kinase activation (add/take away a phosphate)

Covalent modulation (change function or productivity of a protein)

Question 4

what does DAG do?

Answer 4

activates protein kinase C (PKC) , which phosphorylates a lot of different proteins in the cell, causing multiple effects

Question 5

Absorptive Stage

Answer 5

Digestion, carried through the villi in bloodstream, glucose stored in liver, signaling an insulin response, getting glucose into cell

Question 6

Neurohormones in adrenal medulla are _______

• Made on the spot
• Stored ahead of time

Answer 6

Stored ahead of time in secretory vesicles for rapid use later on

Question 7

estrogen/testosteron aldosterone cortisol

Answer 7

steroid hormones and are lipid soluble

Question 8

A neurotransmitter is an example of _______

• autocrine
• paracrine
• endocrine

Answer 8

paracrine

Question 9

Post-absorptive Stage

Answer 9

Blood sugar drops and starts to release energy from stores, pancreas releases glucagon, sends message to liver to change glycogen into glucose to be made available.

Question 10

How do endocrine signals (hormones and neurohormones) travel once released by the cell?

Answer 10

Through the blood to their target cell

Question 11

name two water-soluble hormones

Answer 11

peptide and catecholamine

Question 12

______ are released by nerve cells but require the blood for transport to a target

Answer 12

neurohormones

Question 13

How do nerve signals (neurotransmitters) travel once released by the cell?

Answer 13

Across the synapse to the postsynaptic cell

Question 14

a neurotransmitter that operates in the neuromuscular junction

Answer 14

acetylcholine

Question 15

_____ add phosphates to proteins, altering their confirmation, thus potentially their function

Answer 15

Kinases

Question 16

the nerve cell that releases the neurotransmitter

Answer 16

presynaptic cell

Question 17

Name the 3 important second messenger pathways

Answer 17

1. cAMP formed from activation of effector adenylate cyclase 2. IP₃ and DAG formed from activation of PKC (phospholipase C). IP₃ acts to increase calcium release from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum 3. Calcium, which can enter from outside the cell or from the ER via IP₃ activation, can bind calmodulin

Question 18

The hormone-secreting cell

Answer 18

Effector Cell

Question 19

The hormone-receiving cell

Answer 19

Target Cell

Question 20

_____hormones cannot be synthesized in advanced and stored, and they are made “on demand” and are not synthesized until the stimulus for release is received by the endocrine cell

Answer 20

Lipid-soluble hormones

Question 21

General response to these signals is to alter gene transcription, often find their receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus

Answer 21

lipid-soluble signals

Question 22

insulin and glucagon, hypothalamic-releasing factors

Answer 22

peptide hormones and are water soluble

Question 23

A single enzyme molecule can convert multiple substrates into products via the phosphorylation of cellular proteins , this is important because they serve to amplify an initial signal many times over in the cell, producing multiple outcomes from one original signal

Answer 23

Enzyme Cascade

Question 24

adenylate cyclase uses ATP to make _______

Answer 24

cAMP

Question 25

Where is norepinephrine released from?

Answer 25

The adrenal medulla

Question 26

3 examples of neurotransmitters

Answer 26

norepinephrine serotonin dopamine

Question 27

Stimulation usually results in the increase in _____ and _____ levels in the cell, which activates kinases and convert cholesterol into steroid hormones in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the cell

Answer 27

calcium and cAMP

Question 28

secreted by the same cell, which is the target cell

Answer 28

autocrines

Question 29

Long-term response to stress (ACTH) is made in the \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 29

adrenal cortex

Question 30

\_\_\_\_\_ have different chemical properties that influence their synthesis, release, transport, and location of the receptor on their target cell

Answer 30

Hormones

Question 31

insulin released from the pancreas or cortisol released from the adrenal cortex are examples of?

Answer 31

hormones

Question 32

a cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream

Answer 32

endocrine

Question 33

what does IP₃ do?

Answer 33

Opens calcium channels by targeting the outer membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum making them leaky to calcium

Question 34

Secreted by an effector cell into the extracellular space and act on a target cell nearby

Answer 34

paracrines

Question 35

Short-term response to stress (epinephrine and norepinephrine) is made in the \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 35

adrenal medulla

Question 36

are lipid soluble and go directly to nucleus

Answer 36

steroid hormones

Question 37

name of effector protein

Answer 37

adenylate cyclase

Question 38

\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a neurohormone and is released from the adrenal medulla

Answer 38

Norepinephrine

Question 39

\_\_\_\_\_ hormones are synthesized in advance, since they are not soluble in lipids, they can be stored in secretory vesicles until release is triggered

Answer 39

Water-soluble hormones

Question 40

Find receptors on surface of cell and often activate the signal transduction pathways

Answer 40

Water-soluble signals

Question 41

are water soluble and attach to cell membrane

Answer 41

catecholemines