week 6 capital rasing Flashcards
Define and describe the terms ‘fixed charge’ and ‘floating charge’ in relation to security on a bank loan.
Fixed charge – loan is secured against an individual property
Floating charge – loan secured against a pool of properties
What is a ‘negative pledge’ clause? Why would an investor want such a clause in a property trust bond?
A negative pledge clause is a covenant in a debt contract that restricts the borrower from taking out further loans without approval by the original lender. Lenders use this as a form of protection of the assets of the borrower in case of default.
When rating agencies assess a Commercial Mortgage Backed Security (CMBS), what is the major determinant of their credit rating?
The ratings by credit agencies are based on the underlying properties in the CMBS, not the property fund themselves
What is a BAB? How is the interest cost determined?
BAB – Banks Accepted Bill is a short-term debt security issued by a trust (or company) that is guaranteed by a bank. They typically have 90 or 180 maturities. BABs are issued at a discount to their face value. The difference between the issue value and face value is the interest cost.
Describe the characteristics of a convertible debt security
A convertible debt security is a hybrid security. The security is issued by a trust or company. Similar to a regular (plain vanilla) bond, the bonds pays fixed coupons (interest) for a set period (generally around 5 years).
However, unlike a regular bond, the security can be converted into ordinary equity in the trust or company. The conversion price is determined by a formula set in the contract at the beginning
Investment banks are often employed to act as an underwriter in a capital raising. What is the role of the underwriter and what is the fee structure?
The role of an underwriter is to assist a trust or company in the sale of financial securities. The underwriter will use their relationships with investors to help sell the securities, they will also advertise the offering to retail investors.
The underwriter fees are derived from the spread between the price units are sold to investors and the price the investment bank pays the fund.
When a property fund decides to list on an exchange it called an initial public offering (IPO). List three reasons a fund would want to list?
Reasons to IPO include:
• To buy new or refurbish existing properties
• To expand into a new markets
• To repay debts and change their capital structure
• As an “exit strategy” for the owner or original investors
With any IPO a prospectus needs to be prepared. What must the prospectus contain and what is the aim of the prospectus?
Prospectuses must contain:
• information on the features of the securities being offered,
• how many are for sale and subscription price,
• how you can apply to buy them,
• information on the fund, its operations & financial position,
• What they propose to do with the funds,
• the risks associated with the offer.
The aim of a prospectus is so a retail investor can make an informed decision about whether or not to invest.
DLX is a property fund that has just listed on the ASX. If the IPO subscription price was $1.15 and the units closed on the ASX after their first day of trade at $1.25, what is the level of under or overpricing?
Fist day return= ((First day price-Subscription Price))/(Subscription Price)
First day return= ((1.25-1.15))/1.15=0.087=8.7%
Given the first day return is positive means the IPO was underpriced by 8.7%
Define and discuss the two types of costs in an initial public offering.
The costs of an IPO can be classified as direct and indirect costs.
Direct costs:
• Underwriting
• Printing, distribution, advertising & listing fees
• Lawyer and accounting fees
Indirect costs refers to the underpricing of the IPO.
What is a SEO? Describe three different types of SEOs
SEO = seasoned equity offering.
SEO refers to subsequent equity raisings after a trust or company has listed on an exchange. Different types of SEOs include
:
Rights Issue: Equity is offered to existing shareholders to purchase more units/shares in the firm as a proportion of their current holding.
Shape Purchase Plans (SPPs): Offer to existing investors to purchase small parcels of additional equity, without the need for a prospectus. SPPs are open to retail (smaller) investors to give them the same opportunities as institutional investors to participate in capital raisings. SPPs are capped at $15,000.
Private Placements: Sales of equity to institutional investor(s) by direct placement. No prospectus is required because they are sold to wholesale investors. They can be done quicker and cheaper than other SEOs.
Dividend Reinvestment Plans (DRPs): Investors forgo their dividends or distributions for additional units/shares in the firm. DRPs are popular for REITs due to their limit to retain earnings due to the 100% payout requirement of trusts.
Warrants: These are options for an investor to purchase additional units at some point in the future or by installments.
DLX has been listed on the ASX for 2 years. REIT management have decided to raise additional equity via a 1 for 5 renounceable rights issue with a subscription price of $1.34. The raising will be used to help finance the acquisition of a new property in Melbourne’s CBD.
i) Given recent research on REIT SEOs, what would you expect to happen to the risk adjusted returns of DLX following the issue?
i) Research has shown, on average, equity raisings used for a REITs core business (property acquisitions, refurbishments etc.) have improved risk adjusted returns following the raisings.
DLX has been listed on the ASX for 2 years. REIT management have decided to raise additional equity via a 1 for 5 renounceable rights issue with a subscription price of $1.34. The raising will be used to help finance the acquisition of a new property in Melbourne’s CBD.
ii) A 1 for 5 rights issue means for every 5 units the investor holds they can purchase one additional unit at the subscription price, in this case $1.34.
What is a SPP? What are the advantages of a SPP for investors and management?
SOLUTION:
SPP = share purchase plan
SPPs are offered to existing investors to purchase small parcels of additional equity, without the trust having to prepare a prospectus.
Retail (smaller) investors are given the same opportunity as institutional to participate in equity raisings.
The issues are offered at a discount to the market price.
Maximum a REIT can offer is $15,000 without the need for a prospectus.
Who do REIT managers prefer to raise funds via a private placement? Why do existing shareholders dislike private placements?
A private placement is the sale of equity to institutional investor(s). Management prefer to raise equity this way because:
• The discount offered compared to other issues is less.
• Because the investors are wholesale, there is no requirement for a prospectus and therefore cheaper.
• Private placements can be organized faster than other equity raisings.
Existing unit holders (who do not participate in the placement) do not like them because they dilute their ownership base.