Week 6 Flashcards

Question

Alfred Adler

Answer 1

Neo-Freudist: After breaking with Freud in 1911 because of his basic rejection of Freud’s libidinal theory, he went on to develop what he called “individual psychology,” which emphasized social interaction. Adler saw people as creative, responsible individuals who guide their own growth and development through interactions with others in their social environment (Mosak & Maniacci, 2011). Adler theorized that each person’s unique striving process or lifestyle “is sometimes self-defeating because of inferiority feelings. The individual with ‘psychopathology’ is discouraged rather than sick, and the therapeutic task is to encourage the person to activate his or her social interest and to develop a new lifestyle through relationship, analysis, and action methods” (Mosak & Maniacci, 2011, p. 67). This social interest, an inborn trait, guides each person’s behavior and stresses cooperation with others.

Answer 2

differ from many other personality theories in one basic way. Instead of focusing on internal motivations, needs, and perceptions, behavioral theories focus on specific observable behaviors.

Answer 3

Neo-Freudian - an American psychiatrist who lived from 1892 to 1949, made perhaps some of the most radical deviations from Freudian theory. He abandoned many of the basic Freudian concepts and terms. Like Adler, Sullivan emphasized that each individual personality developed on the basis of interpersonal relationships. He proposed that people generally have two basic needs, one for security and one for satisfaction. Whenever a conflict arose between these two needs, the result was some form of emotional disturbance. He emphasized that to improve interaction, communication problems must be overcome. Sullivan placed “greater emphasis upon developmental child psychology” than did Adler, and proposed six developmental stages ranging from infancy to late adolescence (Mosak, 1995; Mosak & Maniacci, 2011, p. 72).

Answer 4

Neo-Freudians have had a great impact on the way we think about ourselves and on the ways in which we view psychotherapy. However, they have not produced hypotheses that are specific enough to be tested scientifically. Most of these theorists were psychotherapists and writers focusing on philosophical interest rather than scientists who conducted rigorous research. Therefore, their major usefulness may involve providing ideas and ways to think about human behavior rather than contributing to the scientific foundation of psychology.

Answer 5

Founder of person-centered (Client-centered therapy) Major concepts: Self-actualization, Perceptions, need for positive regard, Reducing the gap (incongruence) between ideal and real self, conditions of worth. Believes that humans are inherently good.

Answer 6

focus on particular individuals’ perceptions of the world, and how these individuals feel about these experiences. A person is viewed as having various experiences and developing a personality as a result of these subjective experiences, rather than as being born with a specified personality framework. These theories assert that there are no predetermined patterns of personality development. Rather, phenomenological theories recognize a wider range of options or possibilities for personality development, depending on the individual’s life experiences. Uniqueness of the individual personality is emphasized. Each individual has a configuration of personal experiences that will produce a personality unlike any other. This is a relatively positive theoretical approach in that it focuses on growth and self-actualization.

Answer 7

Rogers maintains that there is a natural tendency toward self-actualization—that is, the tendency for every person to develop capacities that serve to maintain or enhance the person (Raskin et al., 2011; Rogers, 1959). People are naturally motivated toward becoming fulfilled through new experiences.

Answer 8

Developed by Carl Rogers: The results are not encouraging for client-centered therapy because the studies of this approach fail to demonstrate that clients receiving this therapy improve at a higher rate than control groups of people with similar problems. Why these rather discouraging results? It would seem that even though developing a helping relationship and helping clients gain insight into their problems are essential parts of counseling, these elements do not constitute the total healing process. Clients need to understand the nature and causes of their problems, but they also need to know what courses of action they can take to resolve the problem. Client-centered therapists do not inform clients of available resolution strategies, because they believe it is the clients’ responsibility to figure this out for themselves. Many therapists, such as Glasser (1965), point out the importance of having the counselor suggest various alternatives, of helping clients explore the merits and consequences of these alternatives, and then having clients make commitments (contracts) to try one of these alternatives.

Answer 9

Client Centered concept: the condition in which a person experiences significant incongruence between self and experiences, resulting in emotional and psychological problems.

Answer 10

Feminist Theory principle: That is, people should critically evaluate the way thought and behavioral expectations are structured within the culture. Western culture emphasizes separating people, things, and events into mutually exclusive categories. For example, people are classified as either male or female on the basis of biology. These categories are “viewed as mutually exclusive entities that should be manifest for one gender but not the other. Distinctions between the sexes, rather than commonalities, are emphasized” (Van Den Bergh & Cooper, 1986, p. 4). A traditional Western view stresses that men and women should have different traits such as women being emotional, social caregivers and men being strong, working, decision makers. In contrast, a feminist perspective emphasizes acknowledging and appreciating a balance of these traits for each male or female as an individual.

Answer 11

Feminist theory principle - In some ways, this is related to the first principle because they both involve how people think and view the world. Rethinking knowledge involves critically evaluating not only how you think about something, but also what you think about. It involves which ideas and thoughts are considered to reflect “facts” and which are thought to have value

Answer 12

Feminist theory concept - the cluster of “culturally defined expectations that define how people of one gender ought to behave

Answer 13

A feminist theory principle that the developmental process of teaching members of a culture the appropriate and expected pattern of values and behavior

Answer 14

a feminist theory principle that people should be treated equally as individuals without focusing on gender (Hyde, 2008). This approach diverges from the traditional emphasis on hierarchies of power, where some (historically, men) have greater power and control over others. An egalitarian perspective is democratic, emphasizing the use of consensus building, collaboration, and the sharing of task

Answer 15

feminist theory principle - defined as the “process of increasing personal, interpersonal, or political power so that individuals can take action to improve their life situations” (Gutierrez, 2001, p. 210). A feminist perspective emphasizes the need to empower women, enhance their potential for self-determination, and expand opportunities. Means of empowerment include assertiveness training, enhancing self-esteem, improving communication and problem-solving skills, and learning conflict resolution and negotiating skills

Answer 16

Feminist theory principle- It is not only important what you get done, but how you get it done. A traditional patriarchal approach stresses the importance of the end result. For example, the fact that a male chief executive officer of a large oil company has amassed amazing wealth is considered significant. The traditional view would not consider how he had hoarded his wealth as significant (by ruthlessly stepping on competitors, breaking environmental regulations, and consistently making decisions on his own, not the employees’ nor the public’s, best interests). Feminist theories focus on decision making based on equality and participation by all. The concept of “having power over” others is irrelevant. Thus, feminist theories focus on aspects of process such as making certain all participants have the chance to speak and be heard, adhering to principles of ethical behavior, working toward agreement or consensus, and considering personal issues as important.

Answer 17

Feminist theory principle- Personal experience is integrally intertwined with the social and political environment.

Answer 18

“prejudice or discrimination based on sex, especially discrimination against women” that involves “behavior, conditions, or attitudes that foster stereotypes of social roles based on sex

Answer 19

Feminist theory principle - Women working together can achieve a better quality of life for all. In order to remain unified, women must appreciate each other’s differences. Diversity is viewed as a source of strength.

Answer 20

Feminist theory principle: Feminist theories go beyond the simple recognition of inequities in cultural expectations, individual rights, and options. Feminist frameworks stress the importance of making structural and attitudinal changes to attain equality and enhance opportunity for everyone.

Answer 21

holds that women should have opportunities and rights equal to those of men”. This is a relatively optimistic view that American society is founded on a sound basis of positive values including “justice and freedom for all”. However, liberal feminism also acknowledges that injustice on the basis of gender does indeed exist for women. Therefore, there should be an ongoing pursuit of legal, social, and educational change that pursues real equality for women. The National Organization for Women (NOW) generally reflects a liberal feminist perspective. - Also to consider impact on glass ceiling and the role of men and women in the home.

Answer 22

argues that women have special, unique qualities that differentiate them from men” (Hyde & Else-Quest, 2013, p. 53). This contrasts with liberal feminism, which views women and men as being essentially the same because they’re both human beings. Cultural feminism emphasizes placing greater importance on the positive qualities typically manifested by women, including “nurturing, connectedness, and intuition” (Hyde & Else-Quest, 2013, p. 53). The ongoing goal is to achieve equal but different respect, power, and appreciation.

Answer 23

views the oppression of women as just one instance of oppression,” women being downgraded as one of various classes of people devalued by a capitalistic society (Hyde & Else-Quest, 2013, pp. 53–54). Such devaluation serves those in power well. Marxist feminism seeks a total transformation of the current capitalist system such that wealth would be spread much more equally across classes, including women and other oppressed populations. Marxist feminism contends that there are “two solutions to women’s exploitation in capitalism: wages for housework and government subsidization of wives and children”

Answer 24

perceives “liberal feminism and cultural feminism as entirely too optimistic about the sources of women’s oppression and the changes needed to end it” (Hyde & Else-Quest, 2013, p. 54). From this perspective, “men’s control” over women “manifests itself in gender roles, family relationships, heterosexuality, and male violence against women, as well as the wider male-dominated world of work, government, religion, and law … For radical feminists, women’s liberation requires the eradication of patriarchy and the creation of women-centered ways of living” (Kirk & Okazawa-Rey, 2010, p. 12). “Collective political and social action [is] … essential. Given the difficulty of changing social institutions, radical feminists sometimes advocate separatist communities in which women can come together to pursue their work free of men’s oppression”

Answer 25

is not focused on social action, but rather is an academic movement that seeks to reform thought and research within colleges and universities” *** Deconstructs societal cultural understanding of gender roles. the “It is particularly concerned with the issue of epistemology, which is the question of how people—whether lay-people or scientists—know. How do we know about truth and reality?” (Hyde & Else-Quest, 2013, p. 54). “Postmodern feminism claims that gender and sexuality are performances, and that individuals modify their displays of masculinity and femininity to suit their own purposes. Males can masquerade as women, and females can pass for men. Postmodern feminism argues that, like clothing, sexuality and gender can be put on, taken off, and transformed

Answer 26

is “the idea that people are complex and can belong to multiple, overlapping diverse groups

Answer 27

The intersectional perspective acknowledges the breadth of human experiences, instead of conceptualizing social relations and identities separately in terms of either race or class or gender or age or sexual orientation”; rather, an intersectional approach focuses on the “interactive effects” of belonging to multiple groups

Answer 28

Passive acceptance. During this stage, women simply don’t think critically about gender issues or oppression. They passively accept that the way things are is the way they should be. Revelation. A woman begins to confront issues and think more deeply about oppression. Common reactions during this stage include heated anger and resentment toward men. Embeddedness. At this stage a woman becomes emotionally linked with other women, and receives support and sustenance from them. She begins to feel stronger in her identity as a woman. Synthesis. Now a woman begins to assume a “positive feminist identity” that goes beyond focusing on gender-role differences. She gains greater understanding of herself as a woman and no longer resents men. Rather, she assesses her relationships with men as individuals. Active commitment. During this stage, a woman’s feminist identity is firmly established. She uses her confidence to advocate on behalf of women to address inequities, oppression, and women’s issues.

Answer 29

1. Evaluate the theory's application to the client situations 2. Evaluate the research supporting the theory 3. Evaluate the extent to which the theory coincides with social work values and ethics 4. Evaluate the existence and validity of other comparable theories

Answer 30

(From Piaget) refers to the capacity to adjust to surrounding environmental conditions. It involves the process of changing in order to fit in and survive in the surrounding environment. Piaget would say that adaptation is composed of two processes, assimilation and accommodation.

Answer 31

(Piaget) refers to the taking in of new information and the resulting integration into the schema or structure of thought. In other words, when a person is exposed to a new situation, event, or piece of information, not only is the information received and thought about at a conscious level, but it is also integrated into a way of thinking. The information is stored in such a way that it can be used later in problem-solving situations.

Answer 32

(Piaget) refers to the process by which children change their perceptions and actions in order to think using higher, more abstract levels of cognition. Children assimilate (take in) new information and eventually accommodate it. That is, they build on the schema they already have and use new, more complex ways of thinking. Children age 6 or older have accommodated the information about the liquid-filled glass containers. Furthermore, they can think about changes in substance in a more abstract way. They can think of the liquid not only as being held in a container of a specific shape and size, but also as it may be held in other containers of other shapes and sizes.

Answer 33

sensorimotor, preoperational though, concrete operational thought, and formal operations

Answer 34

Piaget's first developmental stage, extends from birth to approximately 2 years of age. During this period, a child progresses from simple thoughtless reflex reactions to a basic understanding of the environment. Three major accomplishments are made during the sensorimotor period. First, children learn that they have various senses through which they can receive information. Additionally, they begin to understand that they can receive different kinds of sensory information about the same object in the environment. (includes the development of goal directed behavior, object permanence, and use of representation)

Answer 35

Per Piaget, first developed in the sensorimotor developmental stage. Instead of displaying simple responses randomly, the child will purposefully put together several behaviors in order to accomplish a simple goal. For example, a child will reach for a piece of a wooden puzzle and try to place it into its appropriate slot. The child will plan to put the puzzle together. However, because a child’s thinking during the sensorimotor period is still very concrete, the ability to plan very far ahead is extremely limited.

Answer 36

The most important schema acquired Piaget's sensorimotor period. Initially, children immediately forget about objects as soon as they no longer can perceive them. By age 2, children are generally able to think about the image of something that they can’t see or hear, and can solve a simple problem in relationship to that image. Children begin to use representation—the visual imagining of an image in their minds—which allows them to begin solving problems.

Answer 37

Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, the preoperational thought period, extends from approximately ages 2 to 7. A child’s thinking continues to progress to a more abstract, logical level. Although children are still tied to their physical and perceptual experiences, their ability to remember things and to solve problems continues to grow. During the preoperational stage, children begin to use symbolic representations for things in their environment. Words provide an excellent example of symbolic representation. Children may symbolize an object or situation with words and then reflect on the object or situation later by using the words. In other words, language can be used for thought even when objects and situations are not present.

Answer 38

Ego Centrism, Centration, and irreversibility

Answer 39

One of the barriers to logical thinking in Piaget's preoperational stage, In egocentrism, a child is unable to see things from anybody else’s point of view. The child is aware only of himself or herself; the needs and perspectives of others don’t exist.