Week 6 Flashcards
Money
Money is the set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people.
What are the main functions of money
medium of exchange (means of payment)
unit of account
store of value
Medium of exchange
An item that buyers give to sellers when they want to purchase goods and services.
A medium of exchange is anything that is readily acceptable as payment.
Unit of account
A unit of account is the yardstick people use to post prices and record debts.
Store of value
A store of value is an item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future.
Commodity money
Commodity money takes the form of a commodity with intrinsic value.
Examples: gold, silver, cigarettes.
Fiat money
Fiat money is used as money because of government decree.
It does not have intrinsic value.
Examples: coins, currency, cheques, deposits
zero-coupon bond of infinite maturity
Currency
Currency is the plastic notes and metal coins in the hands of the public.
Current deposits
Current deposits are balances in bank accounts that depositors can access on demand by using a debit card or writing a cheque.
Money supply
The money supply is the quantity of money available in the economy
Creation of money supply by the central bank AND the banking system
- the RBA (monopolistically)
- Open market operations - Money stock (M1-M3) through interactions between the CB, commercial banks and the public and the ‘multiplication’ process
money in the Australian economy
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Can banks also affect money supply?
Influencing the quantity of demand deposits
Reserves
Reserves are deposits that banks have received but have not loaned out.
fractional-reserve
In a fractional-reserve banking system, banks hold a fraction of the money deposited as reserves and lend out the rest
Reserve ratio
Reserve ratio (R) is the fraction of deposits that banks hold as reserves
Money multiplication
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Money multiplier
The money multiplier is the amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserves
The money multiplier is the reciprocal of the reserve ratio:
M = 1/R
Capital
The capital is the owners’ equity (part of their funding raised by issuing shares)
Leverage ratio
total assets/capital
Is the Multiplier Model Correct?
No.
Is the Multiplier Model useful?
Yes.
Is the Multiplier Model Correct? No. Is it Useful? Yes.
Above it is assumed that the initial step in the process of changing money supply is on the banks liabilities side
i.e. there are some changes in deposits which will affect money supply.
But can this be the other way round?
Can this be that a bank decides to give a loan, creates electronic money out of nothing, and THEN creates a deposit to the loan’s recipient?
If so, can this be a problem? Why? When?
RBA
The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) serves as the nation’s central bank since 1959.
It has two main functions:
The formulation and administration of monetary policy.
To maintain financial stability
What is the Reserve Bank Board?
responsible for the Bank’s monetary and banking policy.