Week 6 Flashcards
Why and where communities form (commercial significance)
o Central town – provides services for surrounding area e.g. ballarat, Bendigo
o Transportation service town – provide services along transportation routes (nodes)
o Special town function or service e.g. Newcastle mine coal, Gov’t Canberra, retirement port Macquarie.
Why Communities grow?
o Basic (primary) employment or export of jobs – G+S’s that are shipped outside the community o Secondary employment – Local industries that produce G+S’s for people inside the community (e.g. retail, supermarket – for people within the economy) o Which are more important for the community? Export jobs, not entirely dependent on your own economy
need for new export jobs to grow a community
o Export natural resources, export labour
o New export products raw materials and local skill to generate new products
o Local production of goods previously imported
o Production efficiency (production efficiency PPF) increasing output without added labour (e.g. training, better equipment, new technologies
Why communities grow change, grow, decline and change
o Growth in population in future (residents have choice to oppose)
o Growth in per capita welfare
o Trying to diversify if a dominant industry ages and declines drags the city down. Diversify to avoid being a one-industry town (e.g. Detroit car industry)
o Consider immigration
What are the key factors determining a community?
Households – No. of occupants, employment and income, age, tastes and preferences, ethically and religion
Employment = White collar, blue collar, manufacturing, services
Education
Religion – and other community features
Transport – Road, rail other
look at diagrams
push factors in communities (population change)
o Less service o Lack of job opportunities o Unhappy lifestyle o Poor transportation design o Natural disaster hazard o Wars o Shortage of basic necessities
Pull factors in communities (population change)
o Access to services o Higher employment rate/businesses opportunities o More lesuire facilities o Better transport linkage o Better living standard
How can Gov’t affect demography?
o Encourage baby bonus
o Control one child
o 2014, permitted ethnic minorities, rural couples with a first-born girl, as well as any couple in which at least one party is an only child, to have two children
o easing of the one-child policy, which was amended in early 2016 to allow all Chinese families to have two children,
2 methods to study a Community:
How to study community Traditional analysis:
• Supply and demand factors have been traditionally used
• Supply factors include an inventory of existing structures and their size, price, age and condition
• Demand factors include population, both in total numbers and by age, education, and income
2 methods to studying a community
How to study community Traditional analysis:
• Supply and demand factors have been traditionally used
• Supply factors include an inventory of existing structures and their size, price, age and condition
• Demand factors include population, both in total numbers and by age, education, and income
Data and mathematical approach
• Basic employment (producing goods for export) reviewed - Important long–term influence on a community’s population and employment
• Town’s economic base – major activity, town classification – central, transportation etc.
• Regional economic studies
- economic base studies – forecast popn growth by forecasting basic employment
- Input-output studies – determine the resources etc. that go into the process to generate a measurable output
- There is a large variety of source material available for persons wishing to understand a community:
- Australian Bureau of Statistics
- Local government (councils and shires)
- State government
- Business support
- Industry
- Chamber of Commerce
- Local and regional business publications
Things that can effect demography – population
population growth can lead to…
o Density
o Urban sprawl
o Congestion & car dependence
o Limited services & infrastructure or none at all
o Greenfield vs Brownfield vs Existing areas
o Need for flexibility & adaptability
o Infrastructure and services for population
o Health
o Education
o Recreation
o Transport
explain baby boomers
Personal life
■ First generation exposed to mass marketing via electronic media
■ Strong personal values and willing to help fellow citizens
Recreational Life
■ Entertainment was simple, often self-entertainment
■ Involvement in regular holidays, often at the beach or towing a caravan
Family and marriage
■ Marriage was a natural and progressive step, often in early 20’s
■ Large families were common with many children
■ Grandparents may also live at home, perhaps in a ‘granny flat’
Employment and financial matters
■ Importance placed on home ownership
■ Repaying mortgage often life-long goal with few other investments
■ Little investment in share market, limited focus on material goods
■ Common to stay with one employer for life – ‘gold watch’
explain gen x
Personal life
■ Lower priority on self-interests and willing to compromise for good of all
■ ‘Switched on’ and willing to make sacrifices to achieve their goals
Recreational life
■ Living a faster life than baby boomers
■ Less likely to be interested in shopping, in contrast to BB and gen Y
■ Often prefer overseas holiday over beach or caravan holiday
Family and marriage
■ Often marriage is delayed, if undertaken at all
■ Children may also be delayed in life
■ May have fewer children, if any
Employment and financial matters
■ Decreased importance placed on home ownership
■ Prefer multiple employers termed ‘job hopping’
■ Better educated and not afraid of hard work with long hours
May prefer flexible hours
explain gen y
Personal life
■ Children of the boomers
■ Heavily influenced by marketing but don’t follow trends or fads
■ Adopt a ‘live for today’ approach due to rapid change
Recreational life
■ Either still in education or have recently entered workforce
■ Substantial recreation time, often working part-time
■ Actively pursue overseas holiday and travel
Family and marriage
■ Place less importance on marriage
■ Co-habitation in various forms is widely accepted
■ Children perceived as not economically viable, falling fertility rate
Employment and financial matters
■ High emphasis on university degree, but record high HECS fees/debt
■ Multiple positions with various employers is preferred
■ Can quickly adapt to changing employment circumstances
explain gen z
Personal life
■ Uncertainty in wider global environment will affect beliefs
■ Strong concern for the environment, especially with higher oil prices
■ May grow up in medium/high density accommodation, not a house
Recreational life
■ Recreation remains a core ingredient in life
Some will enjoy increased recreation due to prosperity of earlier generation
■ Pension may not exist in retirement – superannuation is important
■ Family and marriage
■ Marriage may be less important than ever before
■ Meeting a life partner may be harder in a ‘cyber society’
■ Children continue to become less of a priority
■ Employment and financial matters
■ Higher education remains a core goal although challenged by affordability (eg. 25% increase)
■ Income and capital worth is not a major concern
■ May change to society of ‘have’ and ‘have nots’, especially with homeownership
read generations table
Knowing in advance on their preference, habit, overall behaviour helps you to better handle with this type of client/family
