Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

cbg > week 6 > Flashcards

week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

is a liquid that is a homogeneous

mixture of substances.

A

solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

is the dissolving agent of a solution

A

solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

is the substance that is dissolved.

A

solute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

aqueous solution

A

is one in which water is

the solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

substance is one that does

not have an affinity for water.

A

hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

hydrophilic

A

substance is one that has an

affinity for water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

template strand

A

the strand of the DNA double helix

used to make messenger RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the
strand of the DNA that is
complementary to the template strand

A

coding strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the enzyme that
synthesises
RNA
from the DNA template

A

RNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

information for a trait passed from parent to offspring

A

gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

alternate forms of a gene

A

alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

homozyguous

A

having 2 of the same allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

heterozygous

A

having 2 different alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

total set of alleles of an individua

A

genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

outward appearance of an individual

A

phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mendel’s 1st Law of Inheritance

A

principle of segregation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Principle of Independent Assortment

A

Mendel’s 2
nd
Law of Inheritance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ligand

A

the signaling molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

receptor protein

A

the molecule to which the

receptor binds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

intracellular receptor

intracellular receptor

A

located within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cell surface receptor
or
membrane
receptor

A

located on the plasma

membrane to bind a ligand outside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Reception

A

a signal molecule binds to a receptor

protein, causing it to change shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

signal transduction

:

A

the events within the cell that

occur in response to a signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The three stages of cell signalling:

A 
reception, 
–
transduction, 
–
and response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q 
ion
channel linked receptors
 – ion 
channel that opens in response to a ligand 
2. 
Enzyme linked receptors- receptor 
tyrosine kinases
 – receptor is an enzyme 
that is activated by the ligand 
3. 
G protein-coupled receptors
 – a G-
protein (bound to GTP) assists in 
transmitting the signal
A

There are 3 subclasses of membrane

receptors:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

After glucose enters a cell, insulin binding to its

receptor triggers enzymatic activity that: (3 things)

A

Catalyzes the oxidation of glucose for ATP production
–
Polymerizes glucose to form glycogen
–
Converts glucose to fat (particularly in adipose tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

a series of protein
kinases that phosphorylate each other in
succession

A

kinase cascade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases

A

are activated by kinase cascades

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

hydrophobic messengers

A

steroid and thyroid hormones of animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

steroid hormones

A

-have a nonpolar, lipid-soluble structure
-can cross the plasma membrane to a
steroid receptor
-usually affect regulation of gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what blocks the receptor from binding to DNA until the hormone is present

A

inhibitor blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

steroid receptor has 3 functional domains

A
  1. hormone-binding domain
  2. DNA binding domain
  3. domain that interacts with coactivators to
    affect gene expression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Cell-to-Cell Interactions

A

Cells can identify each other by cell surface

markers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

tight junctions

A

create sheets of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

anchoring junctions

A

connect the

cytoskeletons of adjacent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

communicating junctions

A 
permit small 
molecules to pass between cells 
a. 
gap junctions
 – in animal cells 
b. 
plasmodesmata
– in plant cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Protein phosphatases

remove

A

the
phosphates from proteins, a process called
dephosphorylation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

This phosphorylation and dephosphorylation

system acts as

A

a molecular switch, turning

activities on and off.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Cyclic AMP

cAMP

A

is one of the most widely

used second messengers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Adenylyl cyclase

A

an enzyme in the plasma
membrane, converts ATP to cAMP in
response to an extracellular signal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Scaffolding proteins

A

are large relay proteins

to which other relay proteins are attached.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Apoptosis

A

is programmed or controlled cell

suicide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Apoptosis can be triggered by:

A

–
an extracellular death-signalling ligand,
–
DNA damage in the nucleus,
–
or protein misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

how man barr bodies in females ?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

the three components of the cell theory

A
  1. all organisms are composed of cells
  2. cells are the smallest living things
  3. cells arise only from preexisting cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is: enclosed by a membrane,use dna as genetic info, are about reproduction, repair, growth

A

Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what conduct chemical proceses and are energy creators

A

enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

domain bacteria and archaea ?

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

domain eukarya ? are

A

Eukayotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

single celled and communites have no nucleus have an simple internal structure 0.5-5 um (do have sex)

A

prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

unicellular or multicellular have nucleus 10-100um

A

Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

scientists classify many bacterial species into gram positive and gram negative (negative = more likely to be antibiotic resistant)

A

Gram stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what is apart of the endomembrance system(a series of membrance throughtout cytoplasm, regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell)

A
  1. endoplasmic rectilum
  2. golgi apparatus
  3. lysosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

smooth endoplasmic rectilum lacks or does not lack ribosomes ?

A

lacks ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

______ enzymes to break down macromolecules, destroy cells of foreign matter that the cell has engulfed by pagocytosis

A

Lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

in plants what turns fats into carbohydrates

A

glyoxysomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what is the relationship when one cell engulfs a second cell

A

it is symbiotic this is the process of endosymbiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

the plasmodesmata includes ?

A

tight junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

elements making up 96% of the human body CHNOPS

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

covalent bonds is the

A

sharing of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what bond is attracted to oppositely charged parts of neighbouring molecules (is unequal of sharing of electrons in a covelnt bond)

A

polarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

ionic bonds

A

the attraction between oppositely charged atoms or ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

organic = ?

A

carbon based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what matters with isomers ? (carbon compund another carbon compund is functional groups)

A

shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

-Oh (alcohol), -COOH (carboxyl), -NH2 all are

A

functional groups (carbon compunds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

CnH2nOn is ?

A

a carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

monosaccharides (monomer smallest unit) can be in linear or cyclic forms ? true or false ?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

are dissacharides two monomers which are joined ?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

complex carbohydrate or carbohydrate ?:

gycosidic bond between monomers (causes a dehydration reaction)

A

complex carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

a bond or linkage is a type of covalent bond that joins a carboydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate

A

Glycosidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

a somatic cell, for growth and repair name this process

A

Mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

focus on reproduction name this process

A

reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

how many chrocomsomes in a set

A

46, 23 in somatic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

prophase

A

start

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

prometaphase

A

organising

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

metaphase

A

line up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

ananphase

A

parting, splitting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

telophase

A

the division of one nucleus into 2 genetically identical nuclei = complete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

interphase

A

very begginning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

another round of cell division the sister chromotids finally seperate into four haploid duagters result

A

meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

in the cell divison/growth cycle what is G1

A

primary growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

in the cell divison/growth cycle S

A

dna synthesis leading to chromosme duplication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

in the cell divison/growth cycle G2

A

secondary growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

what is the process called of the formation of the constriction belt of contractile ring from microfilaments, cleavage of cell into two identical halves

A

Cytokinesis

85
Q

what are gametes

A

egg and sperm - produced y meiosis

86
Q

zygote ?

A

fertilised egg

87
Q

fertilisation/syngamy restores ?

A

diploid numbers

88
Q

what gives rise to variation in organisms

A
  • crossing over (prophase)
  • independent assortment
  • dating (random assortment)
89
Q

what gives 2 daughter cells

A

mitosis

90
Q

what gives 4 daugter cells

A

meiosis

91
Q

diploid ?

A

contain pairs of chromosomes (somatic)

92
Q

one of each pair of chromosomes ? is ?

A

haploid cells (germ cells > gametes)

93
Q

is each bit of dna copied (replicated) t or f

A

True

94
Q

are nucleic acids macromolecules ?

A

yes

95
Q

dna= genetic infor, rna= translating the genetic info yes or no ?

A

yes

96
Q

what is composed of this:
5 carbon sugar (deoxybriose in ___ and ribose in ___)
a phosphate group (PO-4)
a nitrogen containing base that may be purine (A, G) OR PYRIMIDINE (T,C)

A

Dna and rna

97
Q

what are nucleotides composed of ?

A
  • a nitrogenus base
  • a phosphate group (‘5’)
  • free hydroxyl (‘3’)
98
Q

nucleotides are connected in a long chain called ?

A

a polymer

99
Q

the phophodiester bond

A

is the bond of adjacent nucleotides

100
Q

what is of ‘5’ to ‘3’ orientation ?

A

the polymer chain

101
Q

what is the double helix composed of ?

A

2 sugar phosphate backbone, ntrogenus bases facing towards the interior of the molecule, bases form hydrogen bonds

102
Q

replication or cell division comes first ?

A

dna replication

103
Q

what is the 3 stages of the replication of DNA ?

A
  1. intiation (replication begins at an origin of replication)
  2. elongation (new strands of DNA are synthesised by DNA polymerase)
  3. termination(end of the replication cycle replication is terminated differntly in prokaryootes and eukaryotes)
104
Q

a repaeated nucleotide that bind an indicator protein

- and and AT rich sequence that can be easily opened for intiation

A

OriC

105
Q

is dna replication semi discontinuos ? why ?

A

yes, beacusr one strand is contiuous while the other is discontiuous

106
Q

what is replisome

A

is assembled at the replication fork

  1. primose (primase, helicase, proteins)
  2. dna pol III enzymes
107
Q

eukaryotic dna replication is more complex than prokaryotic ?

A

yes

108
Q

do chromosomes have a primer ?

A

no

109
Q

a method for determining telomere length and its use in assessing age in blood and saliva

A

aging papers

110
Q

damage to dna effects ?

A

dna sequence
dna damage
the damage can be radiation or phsical agents which = mutation
(corrections cellular dna repair mechanisms)

111
Q

the membranes structure is a double layer of ?

A

phospholipids

112
Q

a membrane is a fluid structure with a ‘mosaic’ of various proteins embedded in it

A

the fluid mosaic model

113
Q

cholesterol causes a warm temperature this causes ?

A

restraint movemnt of phospholipids p with phospholipids a cool temp maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing

114
Q

what is the permeability of the lipid bilayer

A

hydrophobic (non polar) yes

polar (sugars) no

115
Q

what is osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

116
Q

created by difference in the distribution of positive and negative ions

A

is voltage

117
Q

how do ion pumps maintain membrane potentioal

A
  • electrochemical gradient
    chemical force(ionic concentration gradient)
    -electrical force
118
Q

how to small molecule pass the bilayer

A

transport proteins

119
Q

how to large molecules cross the bilayer

A

cross membrance in bulk (energy) \

120
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

cellular eating

121
Q

what is pinocytosis

A

cellular drinking

122
Q

is diffucion hydrophobic of hydrophillic

A

hydrophobic

123
Q

is facilitated difusion hydrophobic of hydrophillic

A

hydrophillic

124
Q

are all enzymes proteins

A

yes

125
Q

are all proteins enzymes

A

no

126
Q

is a monomer a amino acid

A

yes

127
Q

how many amino acids in a monomer protein

A

20 common amino acids, 9 essential

128
Q

example of mutation

A

sickle cell anaemia

129
Q

proteins ar epolymers of ?

A

amino acids

130
Q

what can misfolding cause ?

A

denaturation/disease

131
Q

list a few features of enzymes

A

biological catalysts
specific
induced fit model
control

132
Q

is water polar ?

A

yes

133
Q

what does the polarity of water allow ?

A

allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with eahc other (h bonds stabilise biomolecules)

134
Q

4 of waters properties

A
  • cohesive behaviour
  • ability to moderate temp
  • expansion upon freezing
  • versatility as a solvent
135
Q

what does cohesion help in plants

A

helps transport of water sgainst gravity in plants

136
Q

attraction between different substances

A

adhesion

137
Q

measure of how hard itis to break the surface of a liquid mn/m

A

surface tension

138
Q

water/1cal/g/degrees celcicius

A
139
Q

heat is ____ when hydogen bonds break

A

absorbed

140
Q

heat is ___ when hydrogen bonds form

A

released

141
Q

what does evaporative cooling ddo ?

A

stabilises temp in organisms and bodies of water

142
Q

why does ice float in liquid water ?

A

because hydrogen bonds in ice are more “ordered”, making ice less dense

143
Q

an ionic compund dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules

A

hydration shell

144
Q

what is a colloid

A

a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid

145
Q

h bonding between water molecules makes ____ instantaneous

A

dissociation

146
Q

if the solution were to differ by 1 ph unit one contaains 10x more H+

A

___

147
Q

ph declines as ? what increases

A

H+

148
Q

the more H+

A

acid (proton donor)

149
Q

the less H+

A

base (proton acceptor)

150
Q

what are buffers ?

A

resist changes in PH, weak acid and conjugate bases, aqueous

151
Q

energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be transfered or transformed

A

first law of thermodynamics

152
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

the universe tends to disorder

153
Q

what is gibbs free energy

A

energy to do work, exergonic, endergonic

154
Q

atp is the currency for ?

A

cells

155
Q

respiration gains

A

ATP which is the oxidation of glucose

156
Q

metabolism= ?

A

anabolism+catabolism

157
Q

multi enzyme complex has ?

A

3 different reactions, 3 different enzymes

158
Q

what is the evolution of eukaryotes called ?

A

endosymbiosis

159
Q

electron carries in photosynthesis ?

A

plastoquinone
plastocyanin
ferredoxin

160
Q

rRna

A

translates (ribosome rna)

161
Q

trna

A

transfers (transfer rna)

162
Q

DNA is _____ to make MRNA which is ____ to make protein

A

transcribed

translated

163
Q

flow of info from dna to rna

A

transcription

164
Q

flow of info rna to protein

A

translation

165
Q

how many codons in total ?

A

64
61 encode all 20 amino acids
3 codons are stop codons
AUG start codon

166
Q

T in the DNA is replaced by U in the RNA

A

__

167
Q

core polymerase has how many subunits ?

A

5

168
Q

how many subunits in polmerase

A

4

169
Q

intiation needs ?

A

a promoter and a start site

170
Q

elongation encounters the ?

A

trranscription bubble

171
Q

transcription and translation are often couple occuring at the same time this happens with ?

A

prokaryotes

172
Q

what has 3 RNA polymerases

A

eukaryotes

173
Q

non coding sequences (not translated)

A

INTRONS

174
Q

Exons ?

A

sequences that will be translated

175
Q

2 features of the ribosomes role

A

1/ to decode mrna

2. to form peptide bonds between amino acis (=polypeptide)

176
Q

effects of allele (observe)

A

dominant

177
Q

the effect of the allele arent always observed

A

recessive

178
Q

carriers ?

A

allele that gives rise to an abnormality where the disease causing allele is recesive

179
Q

multiple genes are involved in controlling the phenotype of a trait- contiuuus variation (quantitative traits)

A

polygenic inheritence

180
Q

pleiotrophy

A

refers to an allele which has mmore than one effect on the phenotype eg sickle cell anaemia

181
Q

incomplete dominance

A

heterozygote is intermediate in phenotype between the 2 homozygotes

182
Q

codominance

A

the heterozygote shows ssome aspect of the phenotypes of both homozygotes

183
Q

agents of evolutionary change

A
  • mutation
  • gene fliw
  • non random dating
  • assortive mating
  • disassortative mating
  • genetic drift
  • selection (artificial, natuarl>variation must exist, pesticide resistance)
184
Q

paracrine signalling

A

released from cell effects neighbour

185
Q

endocrine signalling

A

hormones release affect other cells

186
Q

synaptic signalling

A

nerve cells release the signal bind to receptos or nearby cells

187
Q

phosphorlation phosphates from ?

A

Atp to protein

188
Q

calcium regulates its ___

A

concentration

189
Q

where is the krebs cycle located ?

A

matrix of the mitochondria

190
Q

the division kf the cytoplasm is caused by ?

A

a contracting ring

191
Q

the addition or removal of a phosphate group can expose or hide potential binding sites in ?

A

proteins

192
Q

on balance for every molecule of glucose produced glycolysis produces

A

two molecules of ATP and two molecules if NADH

193
Q

transmembrane protein channels allow

A

direct and fast passage from one side of a membrane to the other

194
Q

communicating junctions are protein channels that

A

allow ions to cross freely between cells

195
Q

humans who have lost even one copy of an autosome are called

A

monosomics

196
Q

in anjmal cells cytokinesis is

A

prevented by drugs that disrupt the actin fibres

197
Q

small molecules or ions can pass from one cell to another through

A

gap junctions

198
Q

the replisome has two main subcomponents

A

the primosome and a complex of two DNA pol III enzymes

199
Q

what is central dogma

A

dna>rna>proteins

200
Q

on balancs for every molecule of glucose processed,glycolysis produces a net gain of

A

two molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADH

201
Q

what makes one amino acid different from one another

A

different side chain (R groups) attached to an alpha carbon

202
Q

protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells

A

cytoplasm

203
Q

whats not apart of a prokaryotic cell

A

the ER

204
Q

what are the major structural components of the cell membrane

A

phospholipids, cholesterol,proteins

205
Q

the partial negative charge in a molecule of water occurs because

A

the electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time around the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus

206
Q

single strand binding protein

A

binds to and stabilises single stranded DNA until it can be used as a template

207
Q

topoisomerase

A

relieves overwinding strain ahead of replication forks by breaking,seiveling and rejoining dna strands

208
Q

syntesises an rna primer at 5 end of leading strand and of each okazaki fragment ofl agging strand

A

primase

cbg (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions