Week 6 Flashcards
if you have the resources to meet a stressor:
challenge
if you do not have the resources to meet a stressor:
threat
what is a threat appraisal?
when you have insufficient resources to meet situational demanss
taking an exam that you haven’t studied for is an example of a __ appraisal
threat
threat appraisals are associated with feelings of:
stress, worry, fear
what is a challenge appraisal?
when your resources are sufficient to meet situational demands
challenge appraisals are associated with feelings of:
challenge + control
how are threat and challenge appraisals associated with cardiac output?
threat: less efficient cardiac output
challenge: more efficient cardiac output + greater blood flow to periphery
an uncontrollable appraisal occurs when:
your behavioral response CANNOT influence the outcome
____ is thought to be a key regulator of physiological responses
controllability
what did the Dickerson + + Kemeny meta-analysis find about uncontrollable stressors?
uncontrollable stressors elicit acute cortisol increases!!!
*if you make people do something that they ~cant~ do, it elicits an increase in cortisol
what is the relationship between job control and blood pressure?
people who feel they have less control over their job = higher blood pressure throughout the day
higher levels of ___ were found in children who felt they were in low control of their asthma
IL-4: an anti-flammatory cytokine that makes asthma worse
what are examples of threats to ~social~ self?
situations that provide potential for loss of social esteem, social status, or social acceptance
an evaluator watching during the TSST results in:
elevated SNS + cortisol response
higher levels of Social Evaluative Threat is associated with:
elevated blood pressure
what does it mean to have a high SET?
you are worried about what others think of you + concerned about the impression you make
uncontrollable tasks cause an increase in _____ + ______.
SNS activity + inflammation
when experimenters manipulate subjects to reappraise their arousal (feeling of stress) as ADAPTIVE, what happens to physiology?
better cardiovascular response + higher score on GRE
what was found in the study that manipulated exercise appraisal?
those informed that regular activities met daily exercise recommendation –> improvements in blood pressure + weight
how does GHRELIN work?
when stomach is empty: ghrelin is secreted by gut –> signals brain to induce hunger
when stomach is full: ghrelin is suppressed –> signals brain to induce satiety
what did the calorie reappraisal (milkshake) study find?
steeper decline in ghrelin after INDULGENT condition = greater satiety
what is coping?
cognitive, behavioral, + emotional efforts to deal with demands that tax/exceed one’s resources
when is avoidance-oriented coping helpful?
when dealing with short-term, unavoidable stressors
what is avoidance-oriented coping designed to do?
avoid situation and/or one’s thoughts + feelings about it
disengagement and denial are examples of ___ coping.
avoidance
what is approach-oriented coping designed to do?
deal with situation and/or one’s thoughts about it
what are some examples of approach-oriented coping?
problem solving, planning, seeking, social support
how does APPROACH coping influence HIV?
- increased positive affect
- decreased negative affect
- better health behaviors
- better physical health
how does AVOIDANCE coping influence immunity in HIV?
predicts faster decline in CD4 T cells –> increase in viral load
what is denial coping and how does it influence HIV progression?
“I refuse to believe that this is happening” predicts faster progression to AIDS
what is the Shift-and-Persist model?
an adaptive way of dealing with stress for individuals with low SES
what is the “shift” in the Shift-and-Persist model?
reappraising stressful events to be less threatening and/or to see the good that can come from them
what is the “persist” in the Shift-and-Persist model?
developing purpose in life and holding on to hope, despite adversity
emotion:
short, intensely felt affective state, evolved to coordinate responses to specific eliciting circumstances (involves subjective experience, expressive behavior (smiling, crying) and peripheral physiological responses)
mood:
longer-term affective states
affective disorders:
pathological forms of affective experience that can interfere with daily life
emotion regulation:
processes that influence which emotions one has + how one experiences/expresses them
what are the steps in emotion regulation? (SAAR)
- Situation: what you get yourself into
- Attention: what you’re going to attend to
- Appraisal: how you’ll appraise the situation
- Response: occurs as last step
what happens to emotional experience when people suppress vs. reappraise?
both will decrease the experience relative to a control
______ reduces activity in emotion-related areas of brain (amygdala/insula) but ____ does not
reappraisal; suppression
what sort of improved health outcomes occur as a result of EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION?
- longer term survival in HIV+ men/women
- reduced predicted stress in breast cancer patients
- better survival of breast cancer patients
what is ~positively~ affected by emotional writing?
distress, depression, anger, anxiety, work/school-related outcomes, social relationships, cognitive function
what is blastogenesis?
measure of how well lymphocytes can proliferate (make more of themselves)
XYZ of the Pennebaker study?
X: emotional expression
Y: ANS activity
Y: lymphocyte function
Z: health center visits
what were the immune outcomes in the Pennebaker study?
trauma group participants show higher levels of immune cell proliferation + have fewer health center visits
