week 6 Flashcards
What is cognition
The bridge and guide between sensory input and behavioral output OF YOUR BUTTHOLE
- Knowing, its internal life
- percption
- attention
- memory
- language
- emotion
- planning
- consciousness
What makes up Default network
- Posterior parietal
- Posterior cingulate/precuneus
- Dorsolateral prefontral
- Medial prefrontal
- Medial temporal
- rostrolateral temporal
- its basically whats active when you are not doing anything
- areas of association cortex
Default network involved with
daydreaming Autobiographical memories envisioning of future moral decisions - it contrasts with task positive network
Association cortex
Not-primary cortices
- can be unimodal and multimodal (integrates info across sensory modalities from other sources)
1. Premotor cortex
2. somatosensory association cortex
3. visual association cortex
4. auditory association cortex
Pyramidal cell layers
1,2,3,5
Stellate cell layer
4
Primary sensory cortex inputs
- Sense-specific thalamic nucleus
- MGN, LGN, VPM, VPL layer 4 - Other cortical areas 1,2,3,5
- multimodal inputs from thalamus layer 1
- Modulatory inputs from brainstem via 5HT, NE, DA, and Ach via all layers
Medial geniculate nucleus
auditory
- cochlea (via brainstem auditory nuclei) in
- primary auditory cortex out
Lateral geniculate nucleus
vision
- retina in
- primary visual cortex out
Ventral posterior medial
Facial sensory
Ventral posterior lateral
sensory to the rest of body
- Skin (via medial lemniscus) in
- Primary somatosensory cortex out
Multimodoal thalamic nuclei
Pulvinar
- Ass. Cortex, SC in
- Parietotemporal and visual ass cortex out
Medial dorsal
- Sc, Olfactory cortex, amygdala, ventral pallidum in
- FEM, anterior cingulate cortex out
Lateral posterior
- Ass cortex and anterior cingulate retina in
- Parietal, visual ass. cortex, ant cingulate out
Anterior
- hypothalamus, hippo, cingulate in
- posterior cingulate out
Association cortex inputs
- multimodal thalamic layer 4
- Other cortical area 1,2,3,5
- multimodal inputs from thalamus layer 1
- Modulatory inputs from brainstem via 5HT, NE, DA, and Ach via all layers
Sensory and association cortex outputs
- Other cortical areas layers 2 and 3
- Thalamus vai 6
- Thalamus and other subcortical areas like BG, midbrain, BS, Spinal cord via 5
Layer 3
Corticocortical
- or callasal connections
Layer 4
inputs from thalamus
Layer 5
descending projections
Association cortex function
- integrate input from different modalities
- mediate internal cognition
- mediate between sensory inputs and the appropriate behavioral output
Parietal cortex
- visual attn and other attention (non-dominant hemisphere)
- localization– searching (wheres waldo) and reaching for objects found in (superior posterior parietal cortex)
- spatial relationships- binding input from scene to make a single image
- motor programs (skill movements and R-L orientation) via dominant hemisphere
Temporal cortex
- recognition and object identification
2. language
Prefrontal cortex
- Planning and decision making “executive function”
2. working memory
Inferior posterior parietal cortex
non-dominant hemi
- attention
- lesion gives you spatial neglect or one sided neglect (1/2 of all right sided strokes) because the left visual comes strictly from right but right visual field comes from both why you dont see these symptoms on a left sided stroke
- you can see letter but ignore attention to left visual field
- Can’t draw the left half of the clock
Motor Apraxia
Loss of ability to perform skilled motions
sensory and motor systems are intact– you can move fine
- similar symptoms one would see to premotor cortex which responds to external stimuli
Spatial neglect
- lesion gives you spatial neglect or one sided neglect (1/2 of all right sided strokes) because the left visual comes strictly from right but right visual field comes from both why you dont see these symptoms on a left sided stroke
- you can see letter but ignore attention to left visual field
- Can’t draw the left half of the clock
Ideomotor apraxia
involved gestures of waving goodbye or using tools
- like kitchen utensils or toothbrush or broom
Temporal association cortex
- Superior temporal sulcus
- language and social attn - Inferior temporal cortex (deep)
- recognition
Recognition
Fusiform face area (fusiform gyrus
other areas too
- Population coding of which each neuron responds to particular features
- facial profile neurons
- face neurons
- body parts and places may also have specialized region
Agnosias
Deficits in recognition (not knowing)
- inability to not recognize or identify objects even though sensory systems are working
- damage to several cortical areas can produce agnosia of different types
Prosopagnosia
inability to recognize faces
- lesions in inferior temporal cortex
- still can recognize by voice or body parts or where they typically sit
Visual agnosia
inability to recognize an object by site but once put in your hand you can tell what it is- say a ball for example
- damage to unimodal visual cortex
Astereognosia
inability to recognize an object by touch alone
- damage to unimodal somatosensory cortex
Associative visual agnosia
can identify but not name. You know the verb but not the noun
- posterior parietal cortex damage
Finger agnosia
damage to angular gyrus of dominant parietal cortex
- inclues acalculi, agraphia and R-L confusion
Executive function
planning making decisions purposeful action sequencing behaviors over time -selection and execution of appropriate behaviors
Prefrontal cortex damage
- impaired restraint (no impulse control)
- socially inappropriate behavior
- disordered thoughts- not logical
- inability to plan
- perseveration (persistance of bad behavior)
- inability to use info to guide behavior (cognitive inflexibility)
- try the Wisconsin Card test
