week 6 Flashcards
_________ WITH _________
Can visualize oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine via fluoroscopy and x-ray (upper GI and small intestines)
procedure
- Patient swallows contrast/medium (Barium or Gastrograffin)
- positioned various ways
- with SBFT – take pics every 30 mins until contrast/medium reaches terminal ileum (the end of the small intestine)
- movement of contrast/medium is observed with fluoroscopy and x-rays
Upper GI/barium swallow WITH Small bowel series/small bowel follow through(SBFT)
Upper GI/barium swallow WITH Small bowel series/small bowel follow through(SBFT)
nursing care
pre-procedure
- diet?
- smoking?
Post-procedure
- Prevent?
- white stool - expected or unexpected?
nursing care
pre-procedure
- NPO 8 hours
- No smoking after midnight
Post-procedure
- Prevent constipation
- Teach expected s/e – white stool
_________ or _________
Both procedures involve drinking a liquid contrast material (barium) and taking X-rays to more thoroughly exam esophagus (compared to the upper GI tract)
which one specifically designed to evaluate swallowing function. This may involve using a modified barium mixture with different consistency or observing the patient’s swallowing mechanics more closely during the procedure.
Upper GI/barium swallow or modified barium swallow
modified barium swallow
pt with:
-Dysphagia – maybe stroke pt
-Non-cardiac chest pain – rule out GI pain
-Painful swallowing
-GERD
indicated for which radiology test - Upper GI/barium swallow and modified barium swallow
OR
- Upper GI/barium swallow WITH Small bowel series/small bowel follow through(SBFT)
Upper GI/barium swallow and modified barium swallow
Upper GI/barium swallow and modified barium swallow
nursing care
pre-procedure
- diet?
- smoking?
Post-procedure
- Prevent _________
- white stool expected or unexpected?
- when can they start eating again?
nursing care
pre-procedure
- NPO 8 hours
- No smoking after midnight
Post-procedure
- Prevent constipation
- Teach expected s/e – white stool
- If test is passed = can start eating again
which test?
________________
X-ray examination used to visualize the large intestine.
Procedure
- Contrast/medium (barium)
- X-rays are taken to examine the colon and rectum (lower GI)
Lower GI/barium enema
Lower GI/barium enema
Nursing care
Pre-procedure
- Enemas until _______
- diet? (2)
Post-procedure
- Cathartics (bowel cleanse) PRN
- white stool - expected or unexpected?
Nursing care
Pre-procedure
- Enemas until bowels are clear
- Clear liquids night before procedure
- NPO 8 hours
Post-procedure
- Cathartics PRN
- Teach expected s/e – white stool
upper or lower GI
1. barium swallow
2. small bowel series/small bowel follow through
3. modified barium swallow
4. barium enema
5. EGD (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy)
6. Colonoscopy
upper - 1,2,3, 5
lower - 4, 6
which test?
Patient eats a cooked egg containing radioactive metal
Images are taken at 0, 1, 2 and 4 hours later
Gastric emptying studies
which test?
Indicated for
- Want to assess ability of stomach to empty solids
- PUD
- Ulcer surgery
- Diabetes
- Gastric malignancies or functional disorders – gastroparesis
Gastric emptying studies
Patient eats a cooked egg containing radioactive metal
Images are taken at 0, 1, 2 and 4 hours later
Gastric emptying studies
Patient eats a cooked egg containing radioactive metal
Images are taken at 0, 1, 2 and 4 hours later
Nursing care
- Only _______ amounts of radioactive substances – little to no danger
- position during scanning?
Nursing care
- Only trace amounts of radioactive substances – little to no danger
- Must lie flat during scanning
MRI vs CT
__________
- Radiologic exam
- Noninvasive
- Allows for exposure at different depths
- With or without contrast
-Contrast accentuates density differences
-Must assess for iodine/shellfish allergy
____________
- Radiofrequency and magnetic field used
- Noninvasive
- Contraindicated for metal implants and pregnancy
- CT
- MRI
MRI vs CT?
Contraindicated for
1. metal implants
2. pregnancy
both MRI
This procedure uses a flexible tube with a camera to examine the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. UPPER GI
EGD (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy)
Indications for which procedure?
- To directly visualize upper GI tract
- Looking for:
- upper GI bleed
- tumors
- varices
- mucosal inflammation
- hiatal hernia
- polyps
- ulcers
- obstructions
EGD (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy)
This procedure uses a flexible tube with a camera to examine the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. UPPER GI
which procedure
therapeutic/treatment purposes
- cauterize bleeding
- open strictures
- band esophageal varices
EGD (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy)
This procedure uses a flexible tube with a camera to examine the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. UPPER GI
EGD (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy)
This procedure uses a flexible tube with a camera to examine the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. UPPER GI
nursing care
pre-procedure
- diet?
- Consent form?
Post-procedure
- NPO until _______
- Assess for _____
nursing care
pre-procedure
- NPO 8 hours
- Consent form
Post-procedure
- NPO until gag reflex returns 2-4 hours
- Assess for signs of internal bleeding – vitals
This procedure uses a flexible tube with a camera to examine the colon (lower GI)
Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy
This procedure uses a flexible tube with a camera to examine the colon (lower GI)
nursing care
pre-procedure
- bowel prep?
during procedure
- sedated?
- _________ - introducing air or gas into a body cavity or organ to distend it and improve visibility during an examination or surgery
Post-procedure
- Assess for signs of internal bleeding and perforation
o _______
o _______
o _________
nursing care
pre-procedure
- bowel prep
during procedure
- sedated
- air insufflation - introducing air or gas into a body cavity or organ to distend it and improve visibility during an examination or surgery
Post-procedure
- Assess for signs of internal bleeding and perforation
o vitals
o bleeding through colon
o tender abdomen
fecal tests:
This test examines a stool sample for abnormalities such as blood, parasites, or inflammation.
This test is used to identify bacteria or other microorganisms that may be causing infection, including c.diff
Fecal analysis
Stool culture
Fecal tests can also check stool for ova and parasites
Fecal analysis - This test examines a stool sample for abnormalities such as blood, parasites, or inflammation.
Keep diet free of _______ for 24-48 hours pre-test – could give false positive
red meat
Weight reduction surgery, Surgery on stomach or intestines to help a person with extreme obesity lose weight
Bariatric surgery
Criteria for bariatric surgery
- BMI __
- BMI __ with 1 or more severe obesity related medical complications – HTN, DM, HF, OSA
- Requires psychological, physical and behavior screening
Criteria
- BMI 40
- BMI 35 with 1+ severe obesity related medical complications – HTN, DM, HF, OSA
- Requires psychological, physical and behavior screening
Bariatric surgery Types
1. __________ = less food is eaten (Sleeve gastrectomy and Intragastric balloon)
2. ___________ = less food absorbed b/c length of small intestine is decreased
3. Combination _________ and ____________ (Roux-en-Y procedure – most common)
Malabsorption, Restrictive, malabsorptive and restrictive
Types
1. Restrictive = less food is eaten
a. Sleeve gastrectomy
b. Intragastric balloon – minimally invasive, temporary
2. Malabsorption = less food absorbed b/c length of small intestine is decreased
3. Combination restrictive and malabsorptive
a. Roux-en-Y procedure – most common
restrictive, malabsorption, or combination?
Sleeve gastrectomy
Roux-en-Y procedure
Intragastric balloon
restrictive =
sleeve and intragastric ballon
combination =
Roux-en-Y procedure
which bariatric surgery?
- Most of the greater curvature of the stomach is removed
- A tubular stomach remains (creates a smaller food reservoir)
- Permanent
Restrictive = less food is eaten
Sleeve gastrectomy
which bariatric surgery?
Soft saline filled balloon inserted in stomach, makes person feel satiated
- 400-700 mL
- Temporary - Max 6 months, longer = risk for leakage
- minimally invasive
Restrictive = less food is eaten
Intragastric balloon
Intestines are not taken out, just rerouted so the stomach and parts of the small intestine are no longer used in digestion
- Restricts intake and lessens absorption
- “Stomach” is now a 15 ml pouch – serves purpose of food reservoir
- Gold standard
- Most common
- Avg hospital stay – 2-3 days
- Permanent
combination malabsorptive and restrictive
Roux-en-Y procedure
Bariatric surgery outcomes
Good outcomes
- __creased glucose tolerance
- __creased DM, BP, cholesterol/triglycerides, GERD, sleep apnea
Adverse outcomes
- Absorption issues
- __creased absorption of iron, vitamin b12, folic acid, calcium
- ____________ – concentrated sugary foods cause fluid shift out of the body and diarrhea, temporary hypovolemic s/s
Bariatric surgery outcomes
Good outcomes
- Increased glucose tolerance
- Decreased DM, BP, cholesterol/triglycerides, GERD, sleep apnea
Adverse outcomes
- Absorption issues
- Decreased absorption of iron, vitamin b12, folic acid, calcium
- Dumping syndrome – concentrated sugary foods cause fluid shift out of the body and diarrhea, temporary hypovolemic s/s
what causes dumping syndomre?
what procedure is it associated with?
what happens?
concentrated sugary foods cause fluid shift out of the body
adverse outcome of bariatric surgery
causes diarrhea and temporary hypovolemic s/s
hypotension
palpitations
diaphoresis
borborygmi - hyper active bowel sounds
Bariatric surgery
Post-op nursing care
- mobility?
- Pain?
- Risk for wound ________ and _____________– esp in obese patients
- Resumption of liquids and foods gradually – pt and family teaching
- Decompress (empty) stomach and rest stomach
1. NG to LWS
2. ____ or _____ liquids
3. High ______ liquids
4. Pureed diet 2 weeks
5. Solid foods 4-6 weeks
Bariatric surgery
Post-op nursing care
- Enhance mobility
- Pain management
- Risk for wound infection and dehiscence – esp in obese patients
- Resumption of liquids and foods – pt and family teaching
- Decompress (empty) stomach and rest stomach
o NG to LWS
o Water or sugar free liquids
o High protein liquids
o Pureed diet 2 weeks
o Solid foods 4-6 weeks
Long term recommended diet for post op bariatric surgery patients
DASH diet = Dietary approach to stop HTN
Drug therapy for upper GI problems
____________
o Decrease acid
o Not a solution, just treats symptoms short term
o take before meals and at bedtime
____________
o Decrease acid
o OTC or prescription
________________
o Coats the stomach for protection
o Sucralfate
____________- – for GERD
o Enhances gastric emptying
o Metoclopramide
Cytoprotective agent, Antacids, H2blockers, Prokinetic agent
Antacids
o Decrease acid
o Not a solution, just treats
symptoms short term
o take before meals and at
bedtime
H2blockers
o Decrease acid
o OTC or prescription
Cytoprotective agent
o Coats the stomach for
protection
o Sucralfate
Prokinetic agent – for GERD
o Enhances gastric emptying
o Metoclopramid
GERD
Backward flow “reflux” or very acidic stomach contents into esophagus
happens b/c ______ is loose
LES -Lower esophagus sphincter is loose
s/s
- heartburn
- regurgitation – burp up stomach contents
- respiratory symptoms
GERD
- respiratory symptoms – stomach contents goes into lungs
hiatal hernia presents similar to GERD
SATA
complications of GERD
- esophagitis – inflammation
- barrett’s esophagus (esophageal metaplasia) – long period of time, cellular level changes
- hemorrhage/internal bleed
- respiratory s/s – cough, bronchitis
- esophagitis – inflammation
- barrett’s esophagus (esophageal metaplasia) – long period of time, cellular level changes
X - hemorrhage/internal bleed - respiratory s/s – cough, bronchitis
for GERD
diagnostic studies
- barium swallow
- EGD
but often…
- barium swallow – checking for reflux when swallow contrast
- EGD – scopy
- (but often we just give anyone with symptomatic GERD dose of PPI, to avoid the cost/discomfort of the diagnostic study tests, if the PPIs work/help than they just stay on it and we skip the diagnostic tests)
Upper GI/barium swallow
- Patient swallows contrast/medium
o Barium
o Gastrograffin
which is used if we suspect perforation has occurred?
Gastrograffin
GERD and HH Treatment
Lifestyle modifications
- Avoid _________
- Quit smoking – improves ____ function
Treatment:
Lifestyle modifications
- Avoid triggers
- Quit smoking – improves LES function
GERD and HH treatment:
Nutritional therapy
- Avoid _______ foods
- Small frequent meals
- when to drink fluid?
- Avoid ________ snacks
- _______ 2-3 hours after meals
- Weight loss – decreased intra-abdominal pressure
Nutritional therapy
- Avoid fatty foods
- Small frequent meals
- with no fluid (only fluid between meals, not during meals) helps reduce distention
- Avoid late night snacks
- Elevate HOB 2-3 hours after meals
- Weight loss – decreased intra-abdominal pressure
GERD and HH treatment
Procedure options – if the lifestyle modifications and nutritional therapy doesn’t help
_______________
o Endoscopic procedure
o Augments the LES with a ring made of magnets
o Strengthens the LES closure
_______________
o Endoscopic (no incision) or open procedure (requires incision)
o Suture a collar around the LES which strengthens it
Fundoplication, LINX device insertion
- Fundoplication
- LINX device insertion
for what issues?
GERD and HH
- LINX device insertion
o Endoscopic procedure
o Augments the LES with a ring made of magnets
o Strengthens the LES closure - Fundoplication
o Endoscopic (no incision) or open procedure (requires incision)
o Suture a collar around the LES which strengthens it
Herniation of a portion of the stomach into the esophagus, through an opening in the diaphragm
Hiatal hernia
“diaphragmatic hernia” or “esophageal hernia”
what Causes HH
- Structural pressure on LES – maybe from Pregnancy or obesity
s/s
- Asymptomatic
- Similar to GERD:
- heartburn
- regurgitation – burp up stomach contents
- respiratory symptoms – stomach contents goes into lungs
HH