Week 6 Flashcards
How are the development of the market economy and the technological innovations associated with the Industrial Revolution related?
The development of the market economy and the technological innovations associated with the Industrial
Revolution is closely related.
The market economy, which emerged in Europe in the early modern period, was characterized by the growth of trade, the development of new financial institutions, and the emergence of a wage-labor system.
At the same time, the Industrial Revolution was powered by a series of technological innovations that transformed manufacturing processes and led to the development of new industries. These innovations included the steam engine, the power loom, and the spinning jenny, which allowed the mass production of textiles, as well as new iron production methods, transportation, and communication.
The growth of the market economy provided the necessary conditions for the development of the Industrial Revolution. The expansion of trade and the emergence of new financial institutions provided the capital needed to finance new industries, while the wage-labour system created a large and mobile workforce that could be employed in these industries.
At the same time, the technological innovations of the Industrial Revolution helped to develop the further
market economy by increasing productivity and reducing costs, which in turn allowed for the expansion of trade and the creation of new markets.
Describe the social impact of the Industrial Revolution. Compare and contrast the impact of the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe and the rest of the world.
Europe
In Western Europe, the Industrial Revolution led to significant changes in social and economic structures.
The growth of manufacturing and the expansion of trade and transportation created new opportunities for
entrepreneurs and industrialists while also leading to the growth of cities and the emergence of a new urban working class.
In Marxism, class consciousness is the set of beliefs a person holds regarding their social class or economic rank in society, the structure of their class, and their class interests. According to Karl Marx, awareness is key to sparking a revolution that would “create a dictatorship of the proletariat, transforming it from a wage-earning, property-less mass into the ruling class.” Workers first become conscious of sharing common grievances against capitalists and eventually develop an awareness of themselves as forming a social class opposed to the bourgeoisie, the proletariat.
The Industrial Revolution also brought about significant changes in social relations, including changes in gender roles and family structures. Women and children were often employed in factories and mills, and the traditional gender roles of men as breadwinners and women as caretakers were challenged. This led to both
positive and negative outcomes, including increased economic independence for women and exploitation
and poor working conditions for many workers, including women and children.
Migration from rural countryside to cities because of the shift from an agriculture-based economy to an industrial
economy.
In Europe, after 1815, especially in Britain, France and Germany (most developed countries and countries
whose colonies were pretty stable and organized), there was an increase in competition. Also, Belgium was not dependent on colonies. France and Germany also act for protectionism.
Outside of Western Europe, the impact of the Industrial Revolution varied widely depending on local
conditions and the degree of contact with European powers
Which effects did industrialization have on family relations?
The Industrial Revolution brought significant changes in social relations, including changes in gender roles and family structures.
Women and children were often employed in factories and mills, and the traditional gender roles of men as breadwinners and women as caretakers were challenged. This led to both positive and negative outcomes, including increased economic independence for women but also exploitation and poor working conditions for many workers, including women and children.
One of the most significant changes was the separation of work and home life. Before industrialization, many families worked together in agricultural or craft-based economies, with household production and consumption closely linked. However, with the rise of industrial production, work moved outside the home, and men, in particular, were increasingly separated from their families during working hours.
The separation of work and home life had several implications for family relations. For one, it created a division between the public sphere of work and the private sphere of the home, with different roles and expectations associated with each. Women were expected to be responsible for maintaining the home and caring for children, while men were expected to be the breadwinners. Changes in gender roles further reinforced this division of labour. With men increasingly working outside
the home, women were often left responsible for domestic duties and child-rearing.
However, as industrialization
created new opportunities for women in factories and mills, challenged traditional gender roles and created new
possibilities for economic independence.
Also, young marriages and pregnancies → growth of population.
Describe the social impact of the Industrial Revolution. Compare and contrast the impact of the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe and the rest of the world.
Japan
Timing:
The Industrial Revolution began
earlier in Europe, in the late 18th century, while Japan experienced its own industrialization process in the late 19th century and early 20th century.
Mode of production:
While both Europe and Japan experienced a shift from agriculture to industry, Japan’s industrialization was driven more by small-scale enterprises and a focus on
craftsmanship and quality, while Europe’s
industrialization was driven more by large-scale factories and mass production
Political systems:
Japan’s industrialization was closely linked to its political modernization as the Meiji government actively promoted industrialization to catch up to the Western powers. In contrast, Europe’s industrialization occurred in the context of a range of political systems, from absolute
monarchies to constitutional democracies.
Access to resources:
Japan’s industrialization was hindered by its lack of access to natural resources, such as coal and iron, which it had to import from other countries. In contrast, Europe
had abundant natural resources, particularly in England, where the Industrial Revolution began.
Global context:
Europe’s industrialization occurred in the context of a global imperial system, with European powers exploiting their colonies for raw materials and markets. Japan’s
industrialization occurred in the context of a
changing global power balance, with Japan
emerging as a major Asian player and seeking to assert its influence on the global stage.
Describe the social impact of the Industrial Revolution. Compare and contrast the impact of the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe and the rest of the world.
Middle East
Timing:
The Industrial Revolution
began in Europe in the late 18th
century, while the Middle East did
not experience significant
industrialization until the mid-20th
century.
Access to resources:
Europe had abundant natural resources such as coal and iron, which were essential
for industrialization. In contrast, the
The Middle East was relatively lacking in these resources, which made
industrialization more difficult.
Political systems:
Europe’s industrialization occurred in the
context of a range of political
systems, from absolute monarchies to
constitutional democracies. In
contrast, the Middle East was largely
ruled by authoritarian governments
that were less supportive of
industrialization.
Economic systems:
Europe’s industrialization was driven by a
the capitalist economic system, in which
entrepreneurs could accumulate
capital and invest in industrial
ventures. In contrast, the Middle East
had a more traditional economic
system, which made it more difficult
for entrepreneurs to invest in
industrial ventures.
Global context:
Europe’s industrialization occurred in the
context of a global imperial system,
with European powers exploiting
their colonies for raw materials and
markets. In contrast, the Middle East
was often exploited by European
powers for its natural resources,
which hindered its ability to develop
its own industrial base.
Describe the social impact of the Industrial Revolution. Compare and contrast the impact of the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe and the rest of the world.
Africa
Timing:
The Industrial Revolution began in
Europe in the late 18th
century, while Africa did not experience
significant industrialization until
the 20th century.
Colonialism:
In part, Europe’s industrialization was driven by the exploitation of its colonies for raw materials and markets. In contrast, Africa was heavily colonized by European powers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which hindered its ability to develop its own industries and economies.
Access to resources:
Europe had abundant natural resources, such as coal and iron, which were essential for industrialization. In contrast, Africa had fewer natural resources and was often exploited by European powers for those resources.
Political systems:
Europe’s industrialization occurred in the context of a range of political systems, from absolute monarchies to constitutional democracies. In contrast, Africa was largely colonized by European powers during the period of industrialization, which meant that African political systems were heavily influenced by European colonial
policies and practices
Economic systems:
Europe’s industrialization was driven by a capitalist economic system in which entrepreneurs could accumulate capital and invest in industrial ventures. In
In contrast, African economies were often
based on subsistence agriculture, and many
African societies were organized around
traditional social and economic structures.
Describe the social impact of the Industrial Revolution. Compare and contrast the impact of the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe and the rest of the world.
Russia
Timing:
The Industrial Revolution began later in
Russia than it did in Europe. Russia did not
experience significant industrialization until the late 19th century, several decades after the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Europe.
Political systems:
The Russian Empire was an absolute monarchy during the period of industrialization, whereas Europe was
characterized by various political systems, from absolute monarchies to constitutional democracies. This difference in political systems had a significant impact on the way
industrialization was implemented in Russia as the government played a larger role in shaping economic development.
Economic systems:
Russia was characterized by a largely agrarian economy in the 19th century, with the vast majority of the population engaged in subsistence agriculture. The transition to an industrial economy was slower in Russia than in Europe, as the government focused on modernizing agriculture and developing industry Labor systems. In Europe, the Industrial Revolution was marked by the growth of factory
production and the emergence of a working
class. In Russia, however, the system of
serfdom was only abolished in 1861, which
slowed the development of a modern industrial workforce. Many workers in Russia were still tied to the land and were not free to seek employment in cities.
Geography and infrastructure:
Russia’s vast size and harsh climate made transportation and communication difficult, which hindered the development of a cohesive national economy. In contrast, Europe’s geography and infrastructure were better suited to developing a national market and industry growth.
Describe the social impact of the Industrial Revolution. Compare and contrast the impact of the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe and the rest of the world.
India
Timing:
India experienced industrialization much later than Europe. While the Industrial The revolution began in Britain in the late 18th century, India did not experience significant industrialization until the late 19th century.
Colonialism:
India was a British colony during the period of industrialization, and British policies often hindered industrial development in India. For example, British colonial policy focused on extracting raw materials from India and exporting them to Britain rather than developing the Indian industry.
Labor systems:
In Europe, the Industrial Revolution led to the growth of factory production and the emergence of a working class. In India, however, traditional artisanal and craft production continued to bethe dominant form of production in many industries. This was partly due
to the availability of cheap labour, which made it more profitable for capitalists to invest in labour-intensive
industries rather than capital-intensive ones.
Technology:
While Europe was at the forefront of technological innovation during the Industrial Revolution, India lagged behind in terms of technological development. This was partly due to British colonial authorities’ lack of investment in research and development.
Agricultural economy:
Unlike Europe, where agriculture became increasingly mechanized during the During the Industrial Revolution, agriculture remained the dominant economic activity in India. This was partly due to the abundance of labour, which made it cheaper to use human labour rather than machines.
Describe the social impact of the Industrial Revolution. Compare and contrast the impact of the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe and the rest of the world.
Latin America
Timing:
The Industrial Revolution began in
Europe in the late 18th century, while Latin
America did not experience significant
industrialization until the late 19th century.
Colonialism:
Many Latin American countries were colonies of European powers during the period of industrialization, and European policies often hindered industrial development in Latin America. For example,
European colonial powers often prioritized extracting raw materials from Latin America to fuel European industry rather than developing local industries.
Economic structures:
In Europe, industrialization led to
the growth of urban centres and a shift away from agricultural production. In Latin America, however, the agricultural sector remained dominant throughout the
industrialization process, with many countries continuing to export primary commodities like coffee and sugar.
Labor systems:
While the Industrial Revolution in Europe was characterized by the growth of factory production and the emergence of a the working class, the labour system in Latin America remained heavily dependent on
coerced labour, including slavery, indentured servitude, and debt peonage.
Technology:
Unlike Europe, which was at the forefront of technological innovation during the Industrial Revolution, Latin America lagged behind in terms of technological development. This was partly due to the lack of investment in research and development and the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a small elite.
