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bio 230 test 3 > week 6 > Flashcards

week 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why can lipidated proteins be considered “peripheral” membrane proteins?

A

A lipase can release the protein to the cytoplasm or extracellular space

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2
Q

what are examples of a Signal (Ligand)

A

Chemical, Light, Gravity, Sound, Electric field, Temperature

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3
Q

Chemical =

Molecular signals =

A

ligand

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4
Q

what does a receptor do?

A

senses a signal

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5
Q

what occurs when a receptor senses a signal?

A

A physical change occurs (typically protein conformation)

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6
Q

what is Transduction?

A

Signal is relayed through the cell usually via secondary messengers

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7
Q

what is an Effector?

A

target of signaling ( may be several in signaling pathway)

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8
Q

what is the Target?

A

Cellular response, Result of transduction

-May be a physiological change or change in gene expression

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9
Q

Cellular signals are usually_____

A

molecular

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10
Q

Signals can be from ___ or ____

A

environmental or cellular sources

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11
Q

Proteins, hormones, growth factors

Molecular signals are all

A

cellular signals

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12
Q

Environmental signals can be ____ or ____

A

molecular or physical

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13
Q

The females of many insects (like Gypsy moths) release a pheromone molecule that males can sense at very low concentrations. One method of controlling such insects is to spray a pheromone disrupter that mimics the pheromone. Such a disrupter, would be considered a_____________.

A

ligand

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14
Q

GPCR and Tyrosine Kinase are

A

Receptors

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15
Q

Binding of ligand to receptor is

A

specific and based on shape

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16
Q

Conformational change results in __

A

transmission of extracellular signal to intracellular signal

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17
Q

Which regions appears to be most altered upon binding ATP?

A

Blue

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18
Q

*What major structures are typically involved in conformational changes?

A

Disruption of R-group bonds result in different structural motif interactions

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19
Q

What are the G-protien subunits?

A

G alpha, G beta, G y

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20
Q

This releases G beta and G y

A

activated G alpha

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21
Q

G beta and G y

A

Act as signaling molecules

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22
Q

GPCRs are

A

Integral membrane proteins

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23
Q

what is the structure of a GPCR?

A

Extracellular ligand-binding domain

Intracellular G-protein coupled domain

24
Q

when is GDP is bound to the G alpha

A

The G protein is off

25
Q

when is GTP is bound to the G alpha

A

The G protein in on

26
Q

what triggers binding of GTP to G alpha?

A

Conformation change of GPCR

27
Q

The G-proteins we have discussed are also known as “large G-proteins” or “heteromeric G-proteins”. They associate with membranes through_____________.

A

interactions with GPCR

lipidation

28
Q

The peptide sequence motifs in Worksheet 8 are an example of ______________ protein structure.

A

primary

29
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)

A

Integral membrane protein that are monomer in the inactive state (unbound)

30
Q

What happens when a ligand binds to a RTK

A
  • Monomers dimerize
  • Tyrosine kinase domain of protein is activated and phosphorylates tyrosines
  • Other signaling proteins can be activated
31
Q

What does Dimerize mean?

A

monomer + monomer = Dimer

32
Q

Act as message relays

A

Second messengers

33
Q

cAMP and IP3 are two common examples

A

Second messengers

34
Q

cAMP

A

Usually associated with GPCR pathways

35
Q

adenylyl cylcase

A

An enzyme stimulated by G alpha after ligand binding (to make cAMP)

36
Q

what is used to make cAMP

A

ATP

37
Q

What does cAMP target after activation

A

cAMP targets proteins - protein kinase A (PKA)

38
Q

Phosphoinostiol System

A
  • PLC (activated through G protein) cleaves the carbon chains of a phospholipid (PIP2)
  • Results in IP3 ( lets Ca enter cytoplasm) and DAG (stays with membrane)
39
Q

What function do (protein) kinases complete?

A

Add a phosphate to proteins

40
Q

Kinases can be activated through

A

phosphorylation

41
Q

Phosphatases

A

removing phosphate

42
Q

signal amplification

A

A result from Kinase cascade activity

43
Q

Many pathways use kinases to transmit information.

If a phosphatase that opposing the action of a critical kinase were to be inhibited then ___________.

A

the signal transmission would be enhanced

44
Q

Avastin is a drug that is used in chemotherapy to stop the growth of cancer cells. It acts by inhibiting certain kinases. A cancer cell might acquire resistance to this drug by ____________.

A

decreasing the activity of phosphatases

45
Q

Target proteins

A

carry out the response to a signal

46
Q

target proteins can…

A

Can alter gene expression
Can alter existing proteins to cause a change
Can directly regulate cell growth by altering cell cycle or metabolism

47
Q

If a ligand was present and enzyme at the A arrow was blocked, what would you predict? (ws9)

A

Kinase activity would remain the same and

PLA2 activity would remain the same

48
Q

cPLA2 is directly activated by several insect venoms. If the enzyme at the B arrow were blocked during a bee sting, what would you predict? ( ws9)

A

Prostaglandin levels would rise and

COX activity would increase

49
Q

If GTP was blocked from associating
with the molecule indicated by arrow A,
then __________________. 9

A

kinase activity would remain the same

50
Q

If cellular PIP2 levels were decreased, then _________________.9

A

cytosolic calcium levels would remain the same?

51
Q

Inhibiting the step noted by
the arrow “A” would
_____________.10

A

cause TAZ to build up in the cytoplasm

52
Q

Inhibiting the step indicated by

arrow B, would__________.

A

cause cell density to increase

53
Q

Hippo was first described by Drosophila geneticists. In the Drosophila field, new mutants are named after their phenotype. Why do you think these flies look like Hippos? 10

A

They are bloated with too many cells.

54
Q

Activation of the membrane-associated ER caused cell growth and proliferation in ____tissue

A

Breast

55
Q

Although this figure shows estrogen as the ligand, researchers used EDC. Why?

A

EDC only binds the membrane-bound receptors

56
Q

What is the role of eNOS?

A

To produce nitric oxide

57
Q

Activation membrane-bound ER caused vascular protective responses.

A

True

bio 230 test 3 (1 decks)

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