week 6

Question 1

why do we need research ethics

Answer 1

1. correct past problems and abuses
2. prevent new problems and abuses
3. law is not enough

Question 2

what are 2 major atrocities in the 20th century that led to codification of research ethics

Answer 2

1. nazi science
2. tuskagee institute (Alabama)

Question 3

what is the tuskagee study

Answer 3

399 untreated syphilitic african americans to observe the natural history of disease, they saw this as an “opportunity”

Question 4

Nuremeburg Code 1947

Answer 4

the code that came up from nazi science
- the voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential

Question 5

what is declaration of helsinki 1964

Answer 5

a set of ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects

The document was created in response to the unethical medical experiments that occurred during World War II, particularly those conducted by Nazi doctors on concentration camp prisoners.

• need for informed consent

Question 6

therapy and research

Answer 6

1. distinction between research where aim is
2. diagnostic or therapeutic for the patient
3. purely scientific without implying therapeutic value to the person subjected to the research

Question 7

right to standard of care: amended as part of the helsinki act in 1996

Answer 7

every patient including those of a control group, should be assured of the best proven diagnostic and thereapeutic method

Question 8

right to standard of care

Answer 8

every patient including those of a control group, should be assured of the best proven diagnostic and thereapeutic method

Question 9

TPS (tri council policy statment) AKA - tri-council code

Answer 9

this joint policy expresses the continuing commitment of the 3 councils to the people of Canada, to promote the ethical conduct of research involcing human subjects

Question 10

TPSi.1

Answer 10

abiding by the trial-council code is a condition for public funding of research (and many universities have similar rules for private funding for its researchers)

Question 11

four basic ethical principles of the tri-council code

Answer 11

1. respect for persons
2. non-maleficience
3. beneficience
4. justice

Question 12

guiding ethical principles

Answer 12

1. human dignity
2. free and informed consent
3. vulnerable persons
4. privacy and condifentiality
5. justice and inclusiveness
6. balancing harms and benefits
7. non-maleficience
8. minimizing harm
9. maximizing benefits

Question 13

coercion

Answer 13

expectation of favour
forcibly against your will
threat of force is almost always not allowed in research recruitment

Question 14

vulnerable populations

Answer 14

groups who have structural or systemic vulnerability to the powerful who may want to research using them

Question 15

inducement

Answer 15

reward, ultimately your choice
- threat of force is allowed so long as their not “undue”

Question 16

inducement

Answer 16

1. something good, a gift, reward. etc.
2. seems irresistible
3. inducement causes taking of unusual risk
4. this risk-taking must create unethical or excessively risky situations

Question 17

no choice situations

Answer 17

is said to make us forced or compelled to choose the offer or to undermine voluntariness otherwise