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Psychological Health and Wellbeing > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is positive psychology?

A

Covers research, theory and interventions about what makes life worth living.

Moves beyond studying mental illness and looks at what makes people lastingly happier.

Health is more than the absence of illness.

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2
Q

What influenced positive psychology?

A

Borne out of humanistic psychology i.e. Maslow and incorporates developmental psychology (Erikson), but also touches Buddhism through mindfulness, self compassion and other Christian views of character strength and values.

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3
Q

What is the PERMA model of wellbeing?

A

Positive emotion: reflect on the past positively and look to the future with optimism

Engagement: engage with the present, focus on things we care about and genuinely enjoy; ‘flow’

Relationships: enhancement of wellbeing through sharing and building relationships with others - family, friends, coworkers, neighbours

Meaning: we are at our best when we dedicate ourselves to something greater i.e. religion, faith, community, work, family

Accomplishment: Everyone needs to win; to reflect on the past positively must achieve wellbeing and happiness.

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4
Q

What is ‘flow’?

A

Spending time immerses in effortless concentration.

More research required to understand implications for health

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5
Q

Describe the VIA Model.

A

Wisdom and knowledge: love of learning, perspective, judgement, creativity, curiosity

Humanity: love, kindness, social intelligence

Justice: teamwork, leadership, fairness

Temperance: humility, prudence, forgiveness, self regulation

Courage: zest, bravery, honesty, perseverance

Transcendence: appreciation of beauty + excellence, spirituality, gratitude, humour, hope

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6
Q

In what ways might strengths be related to health?

A

May enhance wellbeing (Proyer et al., 2013)

May influence health behaviour i.e. eating healthy food, physical health (Proyer et al., 2013)

May assist recovery from illness > gratitude, humour, kindness

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7
Q

What three constructs measure subjective (hedonic) wellbeing?

A

positive affect
negative affect
life satisfaction
(PANAS-PA/NA + SWL scale)

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8
Q

What are the six constructs of psychological (eudemonic) wellbeing?

A

self acceptance
positive relations with others
autonomy
environmental mastery
purpose in life
personal growth

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9
Q

How does psychological wellbeing influence health?

A

eudemonic wellbeing associated with increased survival

positive relationship b/w MIL and self-reported general health

MIL associated with healthier immune functioning, optimal levels of neuroendocrine and cardiovascular markers of health, slower rates of cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s progression.

Associated with post-traumatic growth > finding meaning in suffering, coping response, flourishing

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10
Q

What is the Broaden and Build Theory of Positive Emotions (Fredrickson & Cohn, 2008)

A

Positive emotions >
Novel thoughts, activities and relationships >
Building personal resources >
Enhanced health and fulfilment >
Positive emotions

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11
Q

How does subjective wellbeing influence health?

A

Positive emotions facilitate adequate risk perception > mobilise cognitive and motivational resources > promote adaptive coping strategies

Positive emotion is prospectively associated with greater health enhancing behaviours

Happy people have bolstered immune systems and live longer

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12
Q

What is dispositional optimism?

A

Generalised expectation that a person will obtain good outcomes in life (Carver & Schier, 2001)

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13
Q

How is optimism related to health?

A

Predicts higher wellbeing > better health

Predicts better health behaviours

Helps adjustment in chronic health illness

Interventions to impact optimism increase wellbeing

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14
Q

Optimism and Wellbeing (Ferguson & Goodwin, 2010)

A

Perceived social support mediated the relationship between optimism and subjective wellbeing

Perception of control mediated the relationship between optimism and psychological wellbeing

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15
Q

Optimism + Wellbeing Meta-Analysis
(Alarcon et al., 2013)

A

optimism was positively related to:

psychological wellbeing
life satisfaction and happiness

general physical health, number of health problems and

negatively correlated to depression and anxiety

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16
Q

Optimism + Coping
Meta-Analysis
Nes & Sergstrom (2006)

A

Dispositional optimism positively correlated with coping strategies that reduce, eliminate and manage stressors

negatively correlated with avoidance coping strategies, withdrawal from stressors/emotions

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17
Q

Optimism + Health Behaviours

A

High optimism >

protective effects against antisocial behaviour/substance use

greater cardiovascular preventative behaviours

increased likelihood of making good nutritional choices

associated with persistence, self-efficacy, positive health outcomes

Pessimism >
depression, stress, isolation and anxiety

18
Q

What are the health dangers of unrealistic optimism?

A

Belief that less likely to experience negative events in the future i.e. smokers believe that they won’t develop lung cancer, or as ‘it won’t happen to me’ attitude

19
Q

Optimism + Chronic Illness

A

Optimism linked to:

better psychological and physical functioning in HIV men

longer survival in metastatic melanoma

better psychological outcomes in advanced cancer

reduced atherosclerosis and CVD mortality

better immune functioning

better adjustment to chronic pain

lowered stress in caregivers in palliative care

20
Q

Optimism Interventions
Shapira & Mongrain (2010)

A

Write down and convey sage self-advice

Intervention group found increased happiness over subsequent 6 months and diminished depression over the next 3 months

21
Q

Snyder’s Trait Hope Concept?

A

Hope involves both agency and pathways

Hope and optimism are distinct constructs

Aspinwall & Leaf (2002) argue that Snyder’s does not address differences between hoping, expecting, planning

22
Q

How is hope related to health?

A

Predicts better wellbeing

Predicts better health behaviours

Helps adjustment to chronic illness

Contributes to better adherence for chronic conditions

Interventions to increase hope impact wellbeing

23
Q

Hope in Older Australians (Ferguson et al.)

A

Found hope and lack of avoidance are important for wellbeing in older adulthood; predicts positive affect and meaning in life

Interventions targeting hope may enhance positive ageing and contribute to a meaningful life

24
Q

Hope in Student Health
(Berg et al., 2011)

A

lower hope scores were connected to binge drinking and smoking

higher hope scores were related to greater likelihood and more frequent exercising and fat limitations

Interventions to improve college student health behaviours should target health.

25
Q

Hope + Chronic Illness and Injury

A

Associated with positive adjustment across:

major burns
spinal cord injuries
cancer
renal failure
HIV/AIDS

26
Q

Hope + Rehabilitation

A

hope correlated with improved skills and functioning
(Kortte et al., 2012)

association b/w functional impairment and depressive symptoms, weakest in patients with higher hope
(Hirsch et al., 2015)

Patient with hope focused on cure, longevity and independence > terminally ill patients hoped to avoid suffering and have a peaceful death and better lives for their families (Duggleby & Wright, 2015)

27
Q

Hope Interventions (Cheavens et al., 2006)

A

Group sessions, 2 hours where discussion was around meaningful and plausible goals, uncovering opportunities, preventing obstacles, evaluating progress

Found: sessions improved agency, self-esteem, purpose and contained anxiety

28
Q

What is gratitude in positive psychology?

A

An emotion expressing appreciation, being thankful, kind

Interventions include writing a letter, keeping a diary for grateful things

29
Q

Mindfulness + Health

A

Paying attention in a particular way, on purpose in the precise moment, and non-judgementally

30
Q

Describe the Five Facet Model of Mindfulness (Baer et al., 2008)

A

Observing
Describing
Acting with Awareness
Non-judging of inner experience
No reactivity to inner experience

31
Q

What are the general benefits of mindfulness supported by research?
(David & Hays, 2012)

A

Reduced rumination
Stress reduction
Boosting working memory
Improved focus
Less emotional reactivity
More cognitive flexibility
Improve relationship satisfaction

32
Q

How is mindfulness related to health?

A

Improvements in health behaviours
Increased immune functioning
Improved adjustment + functioning in chronic health illness

33
Q

Dispositional Mindfulness: Longitudinal Study (10wks, n=141)
(Murphy et al., 2012)

A

Increased dispositional mindfulness > better eating, sleep and physical health

34
Q

Mindfulness + Chronic Illness
(Di Nardo et al., 2015)

A

MBSR intervention with veterans with diabetes

After 3+ months diabetes related stress decreased 41% and management of diabetes improved - better eating, activity, medication, problem solving, healthy coping

35
Q

Mindfulness + Chronic Illness Systematic Review + Meta-Analysis
(Victorson et al., 2015)

A

Partial evidence of short term effectiveness of waitlist controlled mindfulness based interventions:

managing symptom burden and effecting important modifiable health behaviours such as smoking and eating

36
Q

Self-compassion + Health

A

Origins in Buddhism

Involves unconditional feelings of self-care, and kindness toward oneself when dealing with difficult experiences

Self-kindness vs self-judgement

Common humanity vs isolation from others

Mindfulness vs over identification

37
Q

How are self compassionate people different?

A

They respond to personal weaknesses, failures and challenges with fewer emotional overreactions, greater emotional coping and more adaptive motivational orientations.

38
Q

Self compassion + Health (Phillips & Ferguson, 2013)

A

self compassion correlated with positive affect, ego integrity, meaning in life and negatively correlated with negative affect.

39
Q

Self compassion + Wellbeing
(Zessin et al., 2015)

A

Magnitude of relationship between self-compassion and wellbeing = .47

40
Q

Overview of Self Compassion + Health (Terry & Leary, 2011)

A

Self compassion helps monitor health goals with less distraction and defensiveness > reduces negative emotional states i.e. self-blame, that interfere with emotional regulation

Self compassion led to an increased in seeking of medical care when needed and compliance with medical recommendations

Because they cope better with stressful events, self compassionate people may be less depleted and have greater self-regulatory resources to devote to self-care; frame problems differently.

41
Q

Self Compassion and Health Promoting Behaviours
(Sirios et al., 2014)

A

Self compassion positively correlated with health promoting behaviours

Self compassion may be an important quality to cultivate for promoting positive health behaviours due in part to being associated with adaptive emotions

Psychological Health and Wellbeing (10 decks)

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