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Human Health and Disease - J > Week 5 - Unit 4: Cardiovascular System Part 2 > Flashcards

Week 5 - Unit 4: Cardiovascular System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the alternative name for the blood system?

A

the circulatory system

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2
Q

Which of the following organs are found in the blood system?
A heart, lungs, brain and bladder

B arteries, heart and stomach

C arteries, veins and heart

D heart, veins and pancreas

A

C arteries, veins and heart

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3
Q

The function of the circulatory system is to…

A

transport substances, such as oxygen and dissolved nutrients, around the body.

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4
Q

What is the wall of the heart mainly made from?

A

muscle tissue

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5
Q

The blood system is often known as the “double circulation” system. Why is this?

A

The system is divided into two separate circuits.

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6
Q

How many chambers are there in the human heart?

A

two

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7
Q

If blood entered the right atrium, where would it then go?

A

the right ventricle

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8
Q

Which side of the heart has the thickest wall?

A

the left

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9
Q

Into which chambers does blood enter the heart?

A

the right and left atrium

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10
Q

Through which two chambers does blood leave the heart?

A

the right and left ventricle

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11
Q

List some cardiovascular diseases.

A

Atherosclerosis, Arteriosclerosis
Angina and Heart attack (coronary / ischemic heart disease / myocardial infarction).
Stroke (cerebral / neural ischemic injury)
Thrombosis, Embolisms and Aneurisms (Pulmonary or Systemic)
Veracious veins

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12
Q

The Pathology of the Cardiovascular System Epidemiology:

A

Age
Cardiovascular disease typically affects middle-aged to elderly people.
Life long disease (chronic).
Multiple risk factors in Aetiology – Holistic Disease Model!
Takes a long time for the pathology of the disease to manifest.
Worsens with age as the body’s functional reserve diminishes.

Gender
Males tend to be affected more than females.
Perhaps due to stereotypical lifestyle choices in men.
Drink more alcohol
Eat more fatty foods
Smoke more heavily

Social-economic status
Stereotypically, people who are of poor economic / low social status who are affected by cardiovascular disease.
Lifestyle constraints
Having to buy cheap high fat foods
Have higher tendencies to gamble, drink, drug abuse and smoke

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13
Q

what are some risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

A 
Obesity
Smoking
high cholesterol
high blood pressure
diabetes  
physical inactivity
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14
Q

Fill in the blank. A ____ factor increases chance of getting a disease

A

risk

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15
Q

Fill in the blank. Correlation does not prove ______.

Correlation may be due to another factor

A

causation

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16
Q

Fill in the blank. A _____ group is treated like the trial group, except control group is given a ____

A

control

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17
Q

Fill in the blank. Volunteers randomly assigned to groups to avoid bias. Volunteers & scientists are double blind

A

placebo

18
Q

Fill in the blank. Large sample are more ________. Percentages & ratios make data more _______.

A

representative

comparable

19
Q

Fill in the blank. Repeat experiments to calculate a ____mean. And to identify _____ results

A

reliable

anomalous

20
Q

Fill in the blank. Standard deviation shows _____ of data about a mean. Overlapping SDs = data sets not significantly _____. Differences could be down to chance.

A

variation

different

21
Q

A newspaper headline used the information in a graph to claim ‘Omega-3 fatty acids are good for you.’ Evaluate this claim.

A

Correlation does not mean causation / shows lower risk not prevention;

May be due to another factor/example given;

22
Q

Heart disease is not usually caused by microorganisms - it is usually caused by:
Genetic factors, which show as a family history of heart disease and Lifestyle factors. List six lifestyle factors.

A 
Smoking
Lack of regular exercise 
Stress leading to a fast heart rate 
Drinking a lot of alcohol 
Poor diet 
Misuse of drugs.
23
Q

How does Vessel lumen occultation / obstruction ?

A

Fatty, high cholesterol diet  Atherosclerosis  Thrombosis  Embolism  Tachycardia  Heart attack / stroke

24
Q

what leads to LDL cholesterol accumulation? Outline the sequence of events.

A

A high lipid based diet and a sedentary lifestyle leads to an accumulation of LDL-Cholesterol.
LDL-C accumulates in the blood stream and is the first stage in the development of an atheroma plaque

25
Q

How does LDL accumulation lead to atherosclerosis? Outline the sequence of events.

A

The LDL-C is engulfed by vessel endothelial white blood cell macrophage, which form foam cells and fatty acid streaks in the vessel wall.
This leads to altered cytokine production by the foam cell which triggers pathogenic inflammation in the vessel wall.
The foam cells die and release their high lipid content.
This attracts more macrophage and smooth muscle cells from the vessel wall, which form larger clusters of foam cells, with a dense extracellular lipid core.
Connective tissue is laid down chaotically by endothelial fibroblasts to wall off the developing atherosclerotic plaque.
The collagenous outer regions of the plaque become calcified and form a hard crust to the developing plaque.
The end product is an Atheroma plaque which obstructs blood flow in the affected vessel.

26
Q

How does thrombosis result from an atherosclerotic plaque? Outline the sequence of events.

A

Following the formation of an atheroma plaque, blood pressure in the circulatory system and within the affect vessel increases due to the occluded vessel lumen diameter.
Overtime this high pressure and inflammation in the vessel wall may cause the atheroma plaque to rupture.
The ruptured vessel wall undergoes a coagulative response and the development of thrombosis ensues.
The result is a highly dense thrombosis clot in the vessel wall, which exacerbates vessel obstruction further.

27
Q

How do embolisms occur? Outline the sequence of events.

A

A thrombosis plaque may itself rupture from the affected vessel, due to continued high blood pressure and inflammatory weakness in the vessel wall.
The ruptured thrombi travels in the bloodstream to block a narrower blood vessel further downstream.
This is known as an embolism and often occurs in a small blood vessel (i.e. arteriole) leading to the heart, brain or lungs.

28
Q

How does a heart attack/ stroke occur? Outline the sequence of events.

A

If a blood vessel supplying the heart or brain is obstructed by an atheroma plaque, thrombi or embolism, a myocardial infarction or a cerebral ischemic event occurs retrospectively.
The lack of blood supply means that the affected tissue does not receive its vital cell respiration reactants of oxygen and glucose needed for ATP production.
A lack of ATP causes chaotic cell death, known as necrosis, whereby the affect tissue dies very rapidly and irreversibly.
The rest of the organ may survive, provided it is still perfused efficiently.
However the affected tissue area may compromise the ability of the organ to function properly.
In the heart this causes a heart attack whereby the heart is no longer able to contract and generate a normal heart beat.
In the brain this causes a stroke whereby brain tissue is destroyed.

29
Q

How does an aneurysm occur? Outline the sequence of events.

A

Arteriosclerosis causes the affected vessel to weaken.
Hypertension is often a cause and a contributing factor in the pathogenesis and exacerbation of arteriosclerosis.
Overtime, hypertension may cause an arteriosclerotic vessel to rupture outwards following the direction of blood pressure.
This outward rupture is known as an aneurysm and blood may start to pool in this balloon like appendage.
As the aneurysm fills and further vessel weakness ensues, the aneurysm may burst, leading to internal haemorrhage circulatory collapse in the affected region.

30
Q

A Heart attack can happen because:

A
  1. Fatty deposits build up in the coronary arteries
  2. A blood clot can form on a fatty deposit
  3. The blood clot can block a coronary artery
  4. Some heart muscle cells do not get the oxygen and nutrients they need
  5. These cells start to die.
31
Q

During a myocardial infarction, areas of heart muscle begin to die. Explain why.

A
  1. Reduced blood flow in coronary artery / coronary artery blocked;
  2. Less / not enough / no oxygen;
  3. Respiration drops / stops (so cells start to die);
32
Q

The diet of a person can increase the risk of coronary heart disease. Explain how.

A
  1. Too much saturated fat / cholesterol in diet;
  2. Increase in LDL / cholesterol in blood;
  3. Atheroma / fatty deposits / plaques in artery walls;
  4. Reduces diameter of / blocks coronary arteries;
  5. Less oxygen / glucose to heart muscle / tissue / cells;
  6. Increase in blood pressure;
  7. (Increased risk of) clot / thrombosis / embolism / aneurysm;
33
Q

Atheroma formation increases a person’s risk of dying. Explain how.

A
  1. Atheroma is fatty material / cholesterol / foam cells / plaque / calcium deposits / LDL;
  2. In wall of artery;
  3. (Higher risk of) aneurysm / described;
  4. (Higher risk of) thrombus formation / blood clot;
  5. Blocks coronary artery;
  6. Less oxygen / glucose to heart muscle / cells / tissue;
  7. Reduces / prevents respiration;
  8. Causing myocardial infarction / heart attack;
  9. Blocks artery to brain;
  10. Causes stroke / stroke described;
34
Q

Cigarette smoke contains nicotine. Nicotine stimulates the sympathetic nervous system and increases the stickiness of blood platelets.Explain how these effects of nicotine increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

A 
noradrenaline produced by SNS;
stimulates SAN;
increase in heart rate/cardiac output;
blood pressure increases;
increased risk of cerebrovascular accident/stroke;
increased risk of blood clot/thrombosis;
35
Q

Explain the link between atheroma and the increased risk of aneurism.

A

Fatty material within walls of arteries;
Vessels narrow;
Blood pressure rises;
Weakened blood vessels may burst;

36
Q

what is a Stethoscope ?

A

Doctors can listen to heart sounds using a Stethoscope.

This can give indications of faulty / damaged valves and irregular rhythms to the heart beat.

37
Q

what is an ECG?

A

Electrocardiograms (ECG’s) measure the electrical activity of the heart

38
Q

what is an angiogram?

A

Allows the clarity of blood vessels to be observed in real time.
Involves injecting a florescent chemical dye into the blood.

39
Q

outline the basis of Treatment for CV disease – Drugs and Surgery

A

Drugs to lower cholesterol
angioplasty (insertion of a balloon catheter to compress plaque against vessel wall therefore opening clogged arteries)
stent (small wire mesh tubes to prop open the arteries)
by pass surgery (blood vessels removed from leg and sewn onto heart to shunt blood around the blocked artery)
heart transplant or artificial heart)

40
Q
  1. What are the 3 events which make up 1 heart beat (cardiac cycle)
A

Diastole
Atrial Systole
Ventricular Systole

41
Q
  1. How are the 3 events which make up 1 heart beat (cardiac cycle) conducted?
A

SA.Node
AV.Node
Bundle of Hiss
Purkinje fibres

42
Q
  1. How are the 3 events which make up 1 heart bear (cardiac cycle) regulated?
A

Stimuli (changing body demands)
Receptors (detect stimuli)
Control centre (Medulla Oblongata)
Signal (ANS – SPNS ‘Accelerator pedal’ or PSPNS ‘Brake pedal’)
Pacemakers within the heart (SA.Node → AV.Node → Bundle of Hiss → Purkinje fibres).

Human Health and Disease - J (6 decks)

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