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Biomedical physiology > Week 5: The nervous system (ANS and somatic) > Flashcards

Week 5: The nervous system (ANS and somatic) Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the afferent division of the CNS?

A

Sensory stimuli (eyes and ears) + visceral stimuli (from organs)

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2
Q

What makes up the efferent division of the CNS?

A

somatic nervous system (skeletal muscle) + ANS (smooth muscle - involuntary)

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3
Q

Instead of single neurons connecting the CNS to organs, what does the ANS have?

A

Autonomic ganglion

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4
Q

Which type of ganglionic fibre is myelinated and which ones are unmyelinated?

A

Preganglionic fibres are myelinated and postganglionic fibres are unmyelinated.

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5
Q

Where are sympathetic ganglia usually located?

A

Sympathetic ganglia are usually located close to the CNS.

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6
Q

Where are parasympathetic ganglia usually located?

A

Parasympathetic ganglia are usually located close to the target organ, if not embedded in it.

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7
Q

What type of preganglionic axons tend to innervate more than 20 cell bodies in the ganglia?

A

Sympathetic preganglionic axons

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8
Q

What is the prevertebral ganglia?

A

When many sympathetic ganglia are aligned in a row on each side of the spinal chord

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9
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for the preganglionic neurons for the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS?

A

Acetylcholine

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10
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used for postganglioic neurons in the sympathetic nerves?

A

Noradrenaline

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11
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used for postganglioic neurons in the parasympathetic nerves?

A

Acetyl choline

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12
Q

What are the two types of ACh receptors?

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic

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13
Q

What is the effect of nicotine or ACh binding on a nicotinic receptor?

A

-Posititive ions flow (Na+ and K+)
-Effect is ionotropic
binding of the ligand to the channel directly alters the permeability of the channel
-Often stimululatory

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14
Q

Generally where are nicotinic recepors found?

A

In the post-synaptic side in the ganglia

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15
Q

Generally where are nicotinic recepors found?

A

In the post-synaptic side in the ganglia

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16
Q

How does a muscarinic ACh receptor work?

A

When ACh (or muscarine) binds, they release G proteins (in the sub-membrane space), which begin a cascade of information.
Metabotropic effect

17
Q

Which ganglion have a nicotinic receptor?

A

The pre-ganglionic sympathetic and para-sympathetic NS

18
Q

Which ganglion has a muscarinic receptor?

A

The post-ganglionic para-sympathetic axon

19
Q

What type of receptors are epinephrine receptors?

A

G protein, when adrenaline/noradrenaline binds they release G proteins

20
Q

What are the types of adrenaline receptors?

A

Alpha 1 and 2 and beta 1 and 2

21
Q

What is the main function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinates movement by selecting the correct sequences

22
Q

What is the main function of UMNs?

A

They produce voluntary movements

23
Q

What is the main function of LMNs?

A

produce muscle contraction via motor units (extend out towards the skeletal muscle).
They are responsible for efferent information

24
Q

Are the neurons that control the muscles upper or lower motor neurones?

A

UMNs

25
Q

Describe the brief actions in a somatic reflex arc

A
  1. Sensor (or receptor)
  2. Afferent pathway, fibres leading into thespinal cord or brainstem
  3. Anintegrating centre, the grey matter of the spinal cord or brainstem synapse
  4. Efferent pathway, to the muscles
  5. Effectormuscle gives response.
26
Q

Describe the patella reflex

A
  1. Tap the patella ligament which tugs on other ligaments, stretching the muscle spindles
  2. Sensory information feeds into the spinal cord and grey matter (monosynaptic reflex)- the tight muscle
  3. Sends information to the extrafusal fibres (purple) and excites them (via the nicotinic receptors)
27
Q

Describe the action of the antagonistic muscle in the patella reflex

A
  1. The afferent impulses are sent from the stretch receptor to the spinal cord
  2. Efferent impulses to the alpha motor neurons cause contraction of the stretched muscle that resists/reverses the stretch
  3. Efferent impulses to the antagonist are dampened

This is the part of the reflex which has an interneuron, the interneuron is inhibitory to the hamstring muscle, so it is a negative feedback reflex arc

28
Q

What is proprioception?

A

how your body knows where your limbs and other parts are at any given time

29
Q

What is the muscle made up of?

A

Muscle spindle, golgi tendon organ and the extrafusal muscle fibres

30
Q

What is the role of the extrafusal muscle

A

the fibres that contract to give movement and a lot of force

31
Q

What happens when the muscle stretches?

A

The muscle cells get wider because they contain cytoplasm and stretch the sensory nerve fibres, sending information forwards

32
Q

The motor neurons sends information to what two networks?

A

Sensory neurons -The muscle cells get wider because they contain cytoplasm and stretch the sensory nerve fibres, sending information forwards
Green - gamma neurons are telling the intrafusal neurons to contract

33
Q

Why does the intrafusal fibres contract along with the extrafusal fibres?

A
  • To ensure one smooth contraction
  • To ensure the body knows how extended (contracted) the extrafusal muscle is
34
Q

What is a Golgi tendon organ

A

Located in the tendons and approx. 10-15 fibres are connected to each Golgi tendon organ

35
Q

What is the function of the Golgi tendon organ?

A

When collagen fibrils are pulled taught/become straight they Golgi tendon organ afferent nerve is activated. The Golgi tendon organ afferent nerve is good at sensing the force of muscle contraction

36
Q

Why is the Golgi tendon organ important?

A
  • Prevents the body from pushing too hard on tendons
  • To measure the force to help with proprioception
37
Q

Systems tend to be constantly firing, would that not be a waste of energy?

A
  • Because any small increase or decrease in the x axis will give a large effect on the y axis
  • Allows the system to be very sensitive for changes
  • The brain only looks at the action potentials

Biomedical physiology (3 decks)

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