Week 5 - Reliability, Validity, and Sampling

Question 1

Why might you counterbalance the order of conditions / tasks in a study?

Answer 1

To control for order effects and reduce potential biases

Question 2

What does WEIRD stand for

Answer 2

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic

Question 3

What is the difference between internal vs external validity?

Answer 3

Internal validity examines whether the study design, conduct, and analysis answer the research questions without bias.
External validity examines whether the study findings can be generalized to other contexts.

Question 4

Definition of descriptive statistics

Answer 4

Statistics that summarise or describe the main features of a dataset, providing a simple overview of the sample and measures

Question 5

definition of central tendency

Answer 5

A measure that represents the centre or typical value of a dataset, commonly using the mean, median, or mode

Question 6

Definition of Mean, Median, and Mode

Answer 6

• Mean – The average value in a dataset, calculated by adding all values together
  and dividing by the total number of values. Uses all the data, but that makes it
  sensitive to extreme values.
• Median – The middle value in a dataset when all values are ordered from lowest
  to highest. Ignores a lot of data, but less sensitive to outliers.
• Mode – The most frequently occurring value in a dataset. Data can be multi-
  modal if several values have the same frequency. Used mainly for Nominal data.

Question 7

Definiton of probability

Answer 7

Probability – A measure of the likelihood that a particular event will occur, ranging from 0 (impossible) to 1 (certain).

Question 8

Definition of ‘Or’ Rule and the ‘And’ rule

Answer 8

‘Or’ rule – When calculating the probability of X or Y happening, add the
probability of each event together.
‘And’ rule – When calculating the probability of X and Y happening, multiply
the individual probabilities together

Question 9

Definition of Null Hypothesis Significance testing

Answer 9

Null Hypothesis Significance Testing – A statistical method for testing whether an observed effect or relationship is likely to be due to chance, by comparing results to a null hypothesis that assumes no effect or relationship.