Week 5 - Penicillin

Question 1

What year where the first antibiotics developed?

Answer 1

• Salvarsan (1911)

- Prontisil (1935)

Question 2

How sulfonamides effected antibiotics?

Answer 2

• Proved fatal infections such as pneumonia can be managed by drugs
• Fostered improvements in microbiology facilities

Question 3

Sulfa drugs and their issues

Answer 3

• Narrow spectrum of action
• Problems with drug resistance
• Toxicity

Question 4

The penicillin mould (milestones)

Answer 4

• 1870 Pasteur’s germ theory
• 1871 Penicillin found to stop bacterial growth
• Curative properties of penicillin soaked dressings.
• 1928 Fleming took 2 weeks off and accidentally discovered it when he returned to no bacteria growth
• 1940 great success in animal trials
• 1941 first human trials
• 1942 Saved millitary infection in WWII
• 1945 Dorothy Hodgkin solved B- lactan ring problem
• 1957 first successful synthesis of penicillin

Question 5

Howard Florey

Answer 5

• Fixed instability and extraction issues

Question 6

Antibiotics Now?

Answer 6

• Face a huge problem with drug resistance and the rise of super bugs.

Question 7

AIDS and following infections

Answer 7

• Auto-immune deficiency syndrome
• Pnemonia
• Tuberculosis
• AIDS dementia
• Lymphomas
• Kaposis Sarcoma

Question 8

Retroviruses

Answer 8

• use reverse transcription
• converts RNA into DNA within infected cells
• integrates with host genome
• contain few genes so few targets for antvirals
• e.g. HIV

Question 9

Anti-Metabolite drugs

Answer 9

• anti metabolite drugs aimed to starve the tumor slowing growth
• Mercaptopurine
  
  • 1950
  • effective anticancer drug
• Zipovudine
  
  • 1964
  • ineffective against leukemia
  • 1984, strong anti-HIV activity seen in HIV- infected
    T-cells. However

Question 10

25 Drugs in 25 Years

Answer 10

• RTI’s -> Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
• PI’s -> Protease Inhibitors
• INI’s -> intergrase inhibitors
• FI’s -> Fusion Inhibitors

Question 11

Dr Ho?

Answer 11

• Cocktail therapy combination of many antiviral drugs in an attempt to overwhelm the illness. Effective against drug resistance
• HAART Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy

Question 12

Short comings of Cocktail therapy

Answer 12

• rise of resistance lead to reduced effectiveness, cross resistance, increased mortality. This all lead to more toxic, expensive and complex alternatives