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PP2101: Medical Physiology > Week 5 Nervous System > Flashcards

Week 5 Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The ANS controls

A
  • Blood pressure
  • Heart and breathing rates
  • Body temperature
  • Digestion
  • Metabolism
  • The balance of water and electrolytes • Saliva, sweat and tears
  • Urination
  • Defecation
  • Sexual response
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2
Q

Two divisions of the ANS

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

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3
Q

Somatic Nervous System includes what types of neurons

A

Sensory and motor neurons

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4
Q

Sensory neurons are relative to…

A

touch, pain, temp, proprioception, sight, hearing, taste, smell, and equilibrium.

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5
Q

Conscious perception and voluntary control is controlled by ____nervous system

A

Somatic

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6
Q

Autonomic nervous system receives input from____ receptors located in__,__,__,and__

A

Sensory, - organs, blood vessels, muscles and the nervous system

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7
Q

____ nervous system regulates visceral activities by excitation or inhibition

A

Autonomic

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8
Q

Subconscious perception and involuntary control is controlled by_____ nervous system.

A

Autonomic

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9
Q

The Somatic nervous system is on a ____ level while the autonomic is on a ____ level

A

Conscious, Subconscious

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10
Q

Rest and digest division of ANS

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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11
Q

Fight or flight division of ANS

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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12
Q

The patella reflex is a result of the ___ nervous system

A

somatic

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13
Q

Somatic motor pathways involve a

A

single somatic motor neurone

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14
Q

Autonomic motor pathways involve

A

two motor neurons

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15
Q

In the Sympathetic NS the pre ganglionic neurons are ___ and the post ganglionic neurons are___

A

Shorter, longer

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16
Q

In the Parasympathetic NS the pre ganglionic neurons are ___ and the post ganglionic neurons are___

A

Longer, shorter

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17
Q

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS effectors

A

Glands, cardiac muscles, smooth muscle

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18
Q

Sympathetic NS preganglionic neurons send out fibres in __and__ spinal segments

A

12 thoracic, 2or 3 lumbar

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19
Q

Sympathetic neurons release ____

A

Noradrenaline

20
Q

Parasympathetic neurons release ____

A

ACh acetylcholine

21
Q

Parasympathetic NS preganglionic neurons send out fibres in the __and__ spinal segment

A

Brainstem, 2-4 of spinal cord

22
Q

Autonomic neurons are considered as either ___ or ___.

A

cholinergic or adrenergic

23
Q

Cholinergic neurons release the neurotransmitter ___ which binds to either ___ or___ receptors

A

Acetylcholine which binds to either nicotinic receptors or muscarinic receptors

24
Q

Adrenergic neurons release ___ which binds onto ___ receptors (α and/or βs)

A

norepinephrine (noradrenaline) which binds onto adrenergic receptors (α and/or βs)

25
Q

Parasympathetic neurons:
Pre-ganglionic releases____which acts at___ .
Post-ganglionic releases___ which acts at___.

A

Pre-ganglionic: ACh which acts at Nicotinic receptors

Post-ganglionic: ACh which acts at Muscarinic receptors

26
Q 
Parasympathetic Muscarinic receptors cause
\_\_\_ vasodilation 
\_\_\_ HR
\_\_\_ Contractility
\_\_\_ GI Activity
\_\_\_ Insulin glucagon secretion
Erection
A 
Increased vasodilation 
Decreased HR
Decreased Contractility
Increased GI Activity
Increased Insulin glucagon secretion
Erection
27
Q

Sympathetic neurons:
Pre-ganglionic releases____which acts at___ .
Post-ganglionic releases___ which acts at___.

A

Pre-ganglionic: ACh which acts at Nicotinic receptors

Post-ganglionic: Noradrenaline which acts at α and β receptors (sweat gland exception)

28
Q

Sympathetic α1 receptors cause
Vasoconstriction
___ Liver glucose production

A

Vasoconstriction

Increased Liver glucose production

29
Q

Sympathetic α2 receptors cause
Vasodilation
Inhibitory Responses for GI
___ Insulin

A

Vasodilation
Inhibitory Responses for GI
Decreased Insulin

30
Q

Sympathetic β1 receptors cause
___ Renin Release (BP)
___ HR
___ Contractility

A

Increased Renin Release (BP)
Increased HR
Increased Contractility

31
Q 
Sympathetic β2 receptors cause
Bronchodilation
Smooth muscle relaxation
\_\_\_ Lipolysis
\_\_\_ Liver glucose production
A

Bronchodilation
Smooth muscle relaxation
Increased Lipolysis
Increased Liver glucose production

32
Q

Sympathetic β3 receptors cause
___ Glycogen breakdown
___ Lipolysis

A

Increased Glycogen breakdown

Increased Lipolysis

33
Q

HR, force of ventricular contraction, BP, and blood vessel diameter are controlled by____ reflexes

A

Autonomic reflexes

34
Q

Autonomic reflexes occur when nerve impulses pass through an ____ __ __

A

autonomic reflex arc

35
Q

Autonomic reflex arc is composed of

A

a receptor, a sensory neuron, an integrating centre, motor neurons and an effector

36
Q

Main integrating centre in brain for ANS reflexes is

A

hypothalamus

37
Q

Alzheimers causes the formation of ___ and ___

A

Plaques and tangles in neurons

38
Q

Plaques and tangles block communication between

A

brain cells

39
Q

Extracellularamorphous extracellular deposits of β-amyloid protein

A

Plaques

40
Q

Filaments of a phosphorylated form of

a microtubule-associated protein (Tau)

A

Tangles

41
Q

Cholinergic neuron

A

Neuron using ACh as neurotransmitter

42
Q

Cholinergic neurons control which functions:

A

cognitive, arousal, memory, motor control, learning

43
Q

Cholinergic neurons in periphery are involves with

A

voluntary control of movement and autonomic nervous system

44
Q

On stimulation, ACh is released into synaptic cleft via

A

Exocytosis

45
Q 
Acetylcholine
esterase (AChE) breaks down
A

broken down ACh to acetate and choline

46
Q

Used to treat Alzheimers- Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

A

Inhibit the breakdown of ACh

47
Q

ALS affects both the ___ and ___ ___ ___

A

Affects both the upper and lower motor neurons

PP2101: Medical Physiology (3 decks)

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