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HEAR1002 > Week 5: Middle Ear Disorder/Diseases (I) > Flashcards

Week 5: Middle Ear Disorder/Diseases (I) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the middle ear disorders/diseases discussed in class?

A 
congenital malformations
acute otitis media
retraction pocket
atelectasis
otitis media with effusion
tympanostomy tube
ossicular chain discontinuity
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2
Q

What is a congenital malformation?

A

a physical defect present in a baby at birth

also called birth defect or congenital anomaly

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3
Q

Congenital malformation is caused by?

A

genetic factors

non-genetic (prenatal events - during pregnancy)

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4
Q

Both genetic and non-genetic factors of congenital malformation have two groups, which are?

A

non-syndromic

syndromic

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5
Q

Non-genetic factors of congenital malformation are acquired by?

A

acquired by prenatal events such as infections, drugs, alcohol, etc.

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6
Q

What are the two types of syndrome under Syndromic of Genetic factors for Congenital malformation?

A

Treacher Collins syndrome

Crouzon syndrome

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7
Q

Define syndrome

A

the combination of signs and symptoms which together represent a particular disease or disorder - different parts of the body are affected

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8
Q

What is Treacher Collins Syndrome?

A 
an autosomal dominant hereditary
craniofacial malformation (dysostosis) that affects ears, eyelids, cheekbones, and mandible (lower jaw)
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9
Q

What caused Treacher Collins Syndrome?

A

it is caused by a mutation in the TCOF1 gene located at chromosome 5

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10
Q

Treacher Collins Syndrome causes?

A 
malformed outer and middle ear
Conductive hearing loss
eyes slant downward
notch in the lower cheekbones
mandibular hypoplasia (underdeveloped) - shortened jaw
cleft palate (in some cases)
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11
Q

What is Crouzon Syndrome?

A 
an autosomal dominant 10 hereditary
craniofacial malformation (dysostosis) that affects ears, eyes, jaw and upper lip
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12
Q

What caused Crouzon Syndrome?

A

it is caused by a mutation in the FGFR2 gene at chromosome

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13
Q

Crouzon Syndrome causes?

A

malformed outer and middle ear
Conductive hearing loss
bulging eyes and vision problems (eyes do not point in the same direction)
beaked nose
underdeveloped upper jaw, and enlarged mandible (lower jaw)
shortened upper lip
cleft palate (in some cases)

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14
Q

What is Acute Otitis Media?

A

infection of the mucous membrane lining the middle ear tympanic activity
primarily a disease of childhood, it can occur at any age

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15
Q

Acute Otitis Media is most common when?

A

fall and winter

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16
Q

Describes how Acute Otitis Media is developed

A

first, there is an upper respiratory tract infection (nasopharynx)
then bacteria or viruses gain access to the tympanic cavity through the Eustachian tube from the nasopharynx

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17
Q

Patient who suffers from Acute Otitis Media, will presents what?

A

otalgia (earache)
aural pressure (sense of fullness in the ear)
Conductive hearing loss

18
Q

Otoscopy of a patient who suffers from Acute Otitis Media will reveal what?

A

redness of the tympanic membrane

when severe, tympanic membrane can be seen to bulge outward

19
Q

What are the result of a hearing assessment done to a patient who suffers from Acute Otitis Media? (Audiometry, Speech Audiometry, Audiogram)

A

Audiometry: Conductive hearing loss
Speech Audiometry: SRT and PTA are 0 - 6 of each other, accordance/agreement between SRT and PTA is GOOD, WRS is 100 to 96%
Audiogram: WNL (right ear), unilateral conductive slight to mild hearing loss (left ear)

20
Q

What is Retraction pocket?

A

is any condition that interferes with the Eustachian tube’s function (allergies, enlarged adenoids, etc.)

21
Q

What are Allergic Rhinitis (and sinusitis) and Adenoids, in relation to Retraction pocket?

A 
Allergic rhinitis (and sinusitis) causes swelling of tissue lining in the Eustachian tube - may become clogged with mucus
Adenoids is masses of lymphatic tissues located high on the posterior wall of pharynx
22
Q

What may result due to the Retraction pocket?

A

may result in chronic (long-lasting) negative pressure within the tympanic cavity (middle ear)
then causes a SMALL area of the tympanic membrane to be retracted (sucked inside) toward the tympanic cavity resulting in a retraction pocket

23
Q

Depending on the size of the retraction pocket, what results does the pure-tone audiometry reveals?

A

normal (WNL)

slight conductive hearing loss

24
Q

What are the result of a hearing assessment done to a patient who suffers from Retraction pocket? (Audiometry, Speech Audiometry, Tympanogram, ECV)

A

Audiometry: normal (WNL) or
slight conductive hearing loss (depending on the size of the retraction pocket)
Speech Audiometry: SRT and PTA are at 0 -6 dB of each other, accordance/agreement between SRT and PTA is GOOD, WRS is 100 to 96%
Tympanogram: Type C
ECV: normal

25
Q

What is Atelectasis?

A

is any condition that interferes with the Eustachian tube’s function (allergies, enlarged adenoids, etc.)

26
Q

What may result due to Atelectasis?

A

may result in chronic (long-lasting) negative pressure within the tympanic cavity (middle ear)
then causes a LARGE area of the tympanic membrane to be retracted (sucked inside) toward the tympanic cavity resulting in Atelectasis

27
Q

What may happen in the large area that resulted in Actelectasis?

A

the large area may cover or adhere to the ossicular chain and the promontory

28
Q

Depending on the size of the tympanic membrane retraction in Atelectasis, what results does the pure-tone audiometry reveals?

A

Atelectasis may causes mild to moderate conductive hearing loss

29
Q

What are the result of a hearing assessment done to a patient who suffers from Atelectasis? (Audiometry, Speech Audiometry, Tympanogram)

A

Audiometry: mild to moderate conductive hearing loss varying degrees (depending on the size of the tympanic membrane retraction)
Speech Audiometry: SRT and PTA are at 0 - 6 dB of each other, accordance/agreement between SRT and PTA is GOOD, WRS is 100 to 96%
Tympanogram: Type B

30
Q

What is Otitis Media with Effusion?

A

accumulation of effusion (fluid) within the middle ear behind an intact tympanic membrane
one of the most common causes of hearing loss in children

31
Q

What is Serous Otitis Media?

A

any condition that interferes with the Eustachian tube’s function (allergies, enlarged adenoids, etc.)

32
Q

Serous Otitis media may result in what?

A

chronic (long-lasting) negative pressure within the tympanic cavity (middle ear)
reduced middle ear drainage function may cause—golden-yellow “watery” fluid (effusion) to accumulate within the middle ear

33
Q

What is Mucous Otitis Media?

A

any condition that interferes with the Eustachian tube’s function (allergies, enlarged adenoids, etc.)

34
Q

Mucous Otitis Media may result in what?

A

chronic (long-lasting) negative pressure within the tympanic cavity (middle ear)
reduced middle ear drainage function
frequent infections of the upper respiratory tract
(nasopharynx) may cause— “glue-like”, thick, mucoid fluid (effusion) to accumulate within the middle ear

35
Q

What are the result of a hearing assessment done to a patient who suffers from Otitis Media with Effusion? (Audiometry, Speech Audiometry, Tympanogram, ECV, Audiogram)

A

Audiometry: Conductive hearing loss (the degree of the hearing loss is directly related to the amount of fluid in the middle ear)
Speech Audiometry: SRT and PTA are at 0 - 6 dB of each other, accordance/agreement between SRT and PTA is GOOD, WRS is 100 to 96%
Tympanogram: Type B
ECV: normal
Audiogram: bilateral slight asymmetrical conductive hearing loss, mild to slight (right ear), moderate to slight (left ear)

36
Q

What is Tympanostomy Tube?

A

to provide ventilation of the middle ear tympanic cavity by allowing the free passage of the air through the tympanic membrane

37
Q

What are the result of a hearing assessment done to a patient who suffers from a Tympanostomy Tube? (Tympanogram, ECV)

A

Tmpanopgram: Type B
ECV: large

38
Q

What is Ossicular Chain Discontinuity?

A

the separation of the joint connecting two middle ear bones

39
Q

Where does Ossicular Chain Discontinuity most often occur?

A

in the incudostapedial joints

40
Q

When can Ossicular Chain Discontinuity occur?

A

after a head trauma, or erosion of the joint by a cholesteatoma

41
Q

What are the result of a hearing assessment done to a patient who suffers from Ossicular Chain Discontinuity (Audiometry, Speech Audiometry, Tympanogram, ECV, Audiogram)

A

Audiometry: moderate to moderately severe conductive hearing loss
Speech Audiometry: SRT and PTA are at 0 - 6 dB of each other, accordance/agreement between SRT and PTA is GOOD, WRS is 100 to 96%
Tympanogram: Type Ad (the ascending and descending sides of the tracing may not meet at all)
ECV: normal
Audiogram: WNL (right ear), unilateral conductive moderate to moderately severe hearing loss (left ear)

HEAR1002 (7 decks)

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