Week 5: Metabolism Flashcards
What 4 things do the endocrine system play a role in?
growth, sex differentiation, metabolism, and adaptation
What are hormones?
Chemical messengers used to control the flow of information between the tissues and organs.
What are free hormones?
Hormones that are released from the blood stream and not attached to a carrier. They’re able to exert their functions.
The single friend who can do whatever they want.
What are bound hormones?
They’re attached to a transport carrier. They can’t exert their functions until unbound.
They’re the person in a toxic relationship who can’t do anything until they drop their toxic partner.
What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
Produces hormones that act on the anterior pituitary.
The hypothalamus releases hormones that enter _______.
portal circulation
The anterior pituitary releases hormones that enter ________.
systemic circulation
What is another name for the pituitary gland?
Master gland
Primary hormone disorders originate in ?
The target gland responsible for producing the hormone.
A secondary hormone disorder is dysfunctional because of _______.
Stimulating hormones or releasing hormones from the pituitary. The target gland is normal.
A tertiary hormone disorder involves?
Abnormality in the hypothalamus. Both the target gland the pituitary gland are under stimulated.
Thyroid Gland
What are follicles?
They’re functional units of the thyroid filled with thyroglobulin which contains tyrosine amino acids.
What type of molecules do Iodide attach to?
Tyrosine molecules
Thyroid peroxidase known as TPO is an enzyme that oxidizes the iodide. This reaction helps create _____.
combines iodide and tyrosine to form monoiodotyrosine (MIT)
When a second iodide is attached to the MIT it becomes _____.
diiodotyrosine (DIT)
What is T4 made up of?
2 DIT’s coupled together
What is T3 made up of?
A DIT and a MIT coupled together
What are 3 important thyroid hormones?
t4, t3, and calcitonin
TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone) from the pituitary gland is what stimulates the thyroid to secrete ______.
t3 and t4 into the blood.
What are some tests to measure thyroid function?
- Serum t3, t4, and TSH levels
- Thyroid autoantibodies
- Radioiodine uptake test
- Ultrasound, CT, MRI
- Fine-needle aspiration biopsy
Anti-TPO antibodies are seen in _______________.
Hashimoto thyroiditis
A radioiodine uptake test aka thyroid scan measures _________.
the ability of the thyroid gland to remove and concentrate iodine from the blood.
Goiters are related to _______ TSH and may be present with hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or euthyroid.
Related to excess TSH
What is the most common cause of goiters worldwide?
Iodine deficiency
What is the difference between thyroid nodules and goiters? Why would nurses be concerned about these?
Thyroid nodules are localized enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be benign or malignant.
Concerns because these can compress the trachea.
Severe under-secretion of the hormone results in the following disorder.
Myxedema Coma
Under-secretion of the thyroid hormone results in the following disorder.
Hypothyroidism
Homeostasis of the thyroid hormone results in
Euthyroid state
Over-secretion of the thyroid hormone results in the following disorder.
Hyperthyroidism
Severe over-secretion of the thyroid hormone results in the following disorder.
Thyroid Storm
What is congenital hypothyroidism?
Hypothyroidism that develops prenatally and may result from a lack of a thyroid, abnormal biosynthesis of thyroid hormone, or deficient TSH secretion.
What are signs and symptoms of congenital hypothyroidism?
- prolonged jaundice (1st sign)
- respiratory difficulties
- hoarse cry
- enlarged tongue
- feeding difficulties
- sluggish
- enlarged abdomen
- umbilical hernia
What is Cretinism?
the term for untreated congenital hypothyroidism
T4 supplementation should begin in the first 6 weeks of life to result in _____.
normal intelligence
What is Hashimoto Thyroiditis?
An autoimmune disorder where the thyroid gland may be totally destroyed by an immune process.
What is the major cause of goiters and hypothyroidism in adults and children?
Hashimoto Thyroiditis
Hashimoto Thyroiditis is predominately seen in people assigned ______ at birth.
Female
