Week 5 - Memory Basics

Question 1

describe Atkinson and Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory

Answer 1

Stimuli > Sensory buffers > (with attention) > Short term memory > (with rehearsal) > Long term Memory
Architecture (memory stores) : sensory stores, STM and LTM.
Processes: attention, rehearsal, encoding and retrieval.

Question 2

describe the components of Baddeley’s multi-component model of working memory that evolved from Atkinson and Shiffrin’s short-term memory

Answer 2

Baddeley replaced short term store with ‘working memory’

1: A modality-free central executive, which is an attentional system
2: A phonological loop processing and storing info briefly in a phonological (speech-based) form
3: A visuo-spatial sketchpad specialised for spatial and visual processing and temporary storage
4: An episodic buffer providing temporary storage for integrated info coming from the visuo-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop.

Question 3

explain how working memory and long-term memory interact

Answer 3

If 2 tasks use diff components, they should be able to perform similarly together.
Eg: chess uses the visuo-spatial sketchpad and central executive but not phonological loop.

Question 4

describe the three stages in the process of learning and remembering. What strategies can be used to enhance encoding? What strategies can be used to enhance retrieval?

Answer 4

Craik & Lockhart (1972)

1: depth of processing: the extent to which meaning is processed.
2: Elaboration of processing
3: Distinctiveness of processing

Encoding: Rote (least effective), self referencing, spaced practice

Retrieval: mnemonic devices, chunking, acronyms.

Question 5

describe, with examples, five ways we forget information. How might forgetting be adaptive?

Answer 5

1: decay - gradual loss of substrate of memory
2: interference - disruption of memory y previous learning (retroactive & proactive)
3: Repression: motivated forgetting of traumatic or threatening events.
4: Cue-Dependent forgetting - don’t have the appropriate cue at the time.
5: Motivated forgetting - could fulfil a useful function (anxiety reduction)

Adaptive - repression and motivated forgetting could get rid of memories no longer needed (ie: the forgetters from inside out)