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Tissue biology > Week 5: Liver, pancreas and endocrine system > Flashcards

Week 5: Liver, pancreas and endocrine system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the circulation in the liver

A

Portal vein (from the GI tract)
Hepatic artery (from the heart)
Hepatic portal vein (into the heart via the vena cava)

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2
Q

Name the functions of the liver

A
  1. Fat metabolism
  2. Carbohydrate metabolism
  3. Protein metabolism
  4. Detoxification
  5. Storage of glycogen
  6. Secretion of glycogen
  7. Removal of old RBC
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3
Q

Which zone receives the most oxygenated blood?

A

Zone 1

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4
Q

What is the function of the space of DisSe

A

It bathes the hepatocytes in plasma

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5
Q

Where are Kupffer cells located?

A

In the sinusoids

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6
Q

Where are hepatic stellate cells located and what are their functions?

A

Found in the space of Disse
Fat storage (vitamin A)

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7
Q

With what do the bile canaliculi fuse with?

A

Canals of Hering

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8
Q

What does bile contain?

A

Water, bile salts, cholesterol, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatases

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9
Q

Draw the biliary tree

A

Bile canaliculi -> canals of Hering -> bile ductules -> bile ducts -> common hepatic duct -> common bile duct -> ampulla of Vater -> duodenum

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10
Q

Where does the gall bladder join the biliary tree?

A

The common bile duct

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11
Q

Where does the pancreatic duct join to

A

The ampulla of vater

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12
Q

What promotes the secretion of CCK

A

The presence of lipids in the duodenum

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13
Q

What type of cell is the muscular sac of the gall bladder made of?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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14
Q

What is the function of the muscular bile sac?

A

To concentrate bile and store bile

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15
Q

What is the embryological development origin of the pancreas?

A

The primitive foregut

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16
Q

What is the role of secretin and which cells secrete it?

A

It is secreted by neuroendocrine cells of the duodenum and it promotes secretion of watery fluid rich in bicarbonate

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17
Q

What is CCK stimulated by and what is its function

A

Stimulated by fat in the duodenum, it stimulated enzyme rich pancreatic fluid

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18
Q

What does Gastrin do?

A

Similar effects to CCK, secretion of pancreatic fluid

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19
Q

What is the pancreatic juice composed of?

A

Contains sodium bicarbonate which neutralized the acidic stomach. It contains:
Amylase
Trypsin, chymotrypsin
Pancreatic lipase
Ribonucleases and deoxyribonuclease

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20
Q

Describe the pathway that the digestive enzymes take from the lumen of the acini

A

To the intercalated ducts -> interlobular duct ->

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21
Q

What do delta cells secrete?

A

Somatostatin

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22
Q

What is the Pars intermedia?

A

part of the anterior lobe and forms the boundary between the posterior and anterior lobes

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23
Q

Why does the posterior stain much lighter?

A

Because it is made up of unmyelinated neuronal tissue

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24
Q

What is the pituitary stalk?

A

The communication between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus

25
Q

From which tissue is the posterior pituitary gland from?

A

Neuroectoderm

26
Q

From which tissue is the anterior pituitary gland from?

A

The oral ectoderm, upgrowth from Rathke’s pouch

27
Q

What is the pars Tuberalis?

A

A part of the anterior pituitary and forms a thin sheet connecting the anterior p to the infundibular stalk

28
Q

What are the 2 functional groups that the pituitary hormones fall under?

A

Those acting on non-endocrine tissue
Those modifying secretory activity of other endocrine tissues

29
Q

Which hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and act on non-endocrine tissues?

A

GH, ADH (vasopressin), prolactin, oxytocin, MSH

30
Q

Which hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and act on the activity of other endocrine tissues?

A

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) ACTH, FSH, LH

31
Q

What is the function of the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Site of storage and release of ADH and oxytocin

32
Q

Where do ADH and oxytocin go down after they have been released?

A

Pass down the axons of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract within the pituitary stalk

33
Q

What is the function of Herring bodies?

A

They contain clusters of neurosecretory granules containing oxytocin or ADH that have passed down from the hypothalamus

34
Q

Where are herring bodies located?

A

In the terminal portion of axons of the posterior pituitary

35
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Pars distalis
Pars intermedia
Pars tubularis

36
Q

What is the pars intermedia composed of?

A

Basophilic cells and colloid containing follicles (lined by cuboidal cells)

37
Q

What does the pars intermedia produce in foetal life?

A

MSH and opiomelanocortin

38
Q

What controls the thyroid gland

A

The hypothalamus

39
Q

What is TRH

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

40
Q

What do thyroid follicular cells produce?

A

Thyroglobulin - iodine rich inactive form of thyroid hormones which is stored as colloid in the lumen

41
Q

What are the 2 major hormones produced by the thyroid?

A

T3 and T4`

42
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

To regulate calcium levels

43
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

To regulate calcium levels

44
Q

How does the shape of the colloid change when the thyroid gland becomes active?

A

It becomes paler and develops scalloped edges

45
Q

What produces calcitonin>

A

Thyroid parafollicular cells in response to high levels of serum calcium

46
Q

Where is the parathyroid located

A

The 4 dots on the back of the thyroid gland

47
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in the parathyroid gland?

A

Chief cells (principal cells) and oxyphil cells

48
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

PTH

49
Q

What type of hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Steroid hormones
Mineral corticoids
Glucocorticoids
Sex hormones

50
Q

What is the effect of mineralocorticoids?

A

Maintain the fluid and electrolyte balance

51
Q

What is the effect of glucocorticoids

A

Carbohydrate and lipid balance

52
Q

What are the 3 regions of the cortex

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasiculata
Zona reticularis

53
Q

What does the Zona glomerulosa secrete?

A

Mineralocorticoids - mainly aldosterone (acts on renal tubules to increase sodium and water retention)

54
Q

What does the Zona fasciculata secrete?

A

Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)

55
Q

What is stored within the Zona reticularis?

A

DHEA, DHEA sulphate and glucocorticoids

56
Q

What cells is the medulla mainly made up of?

A

Chromaffin cells

57
Q

What shape are chromaffin cells?

A

Columnar, basophilic

58
Q

What is the function of Chromaffin cells?

A

Actively secrete noradrenaline and adrenaline

59
Q

What is the function of the pineal glands?

A

Synthesises melatonin which induces rhythmical changes in endocrine activity

Tissue biology (4 decks)

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