Week 5- DCD

Question 1

How do children learn motor skills

Answer 1

-Action
-Movements
-Neuro-motor processes
-Genes

Question 2

Coordination of movement

Answer 2

The process of mastering redundant degrees of freedom of the moving organism into a controllable system

Question 3

4 processes of attention

Answer 3

Divided attention
Sustained attention
Selected attention
Alertness

Question 4

DCD criteria according to DSM5

Answer 4

1. Acquisition and execution of motor skills is below expected for their age
2. Motor skills deficit interfere with ADL for their age and leisure time/academia
3. Onset of symptoms in childhood
4. Motor deficits are not better accounted for by other conditions

Question 5

What causes DCD

Answer 5

Internal modeling deficit (IMD) hypothesis
-Reduced ability to use predictive motor control caused by lack of a good forward model
-Predictive motor control is needed to anticipate the end state of a movement

Question 6

Cerebellum in DCD

Answer 6

-Implicit motor learning seems to dysfunction
-Did not show an improvement in motor accuracy following 3 days of skilled practice
-Compared to TD peers, DCD group demonstrated under-activation in cerebellar-parietal and cerebellar-prefrontal networks and regions associated with visual-spatial learning

Question 7

Parietal cortex and DCD

Answer 7

pROCESSES SENSORIMOTOR TRANSFORMATIONS
Build internal models
Motor learning

Question 8

Basal ganglia and DCD

Answer 8

Sequence learning
Force control

Question 9

Neuromotor task training

Answer 9

Task oriented approach
Principles of task analysis:
-WHAT to do (goal)
-WHERE to do it (context)
-WHEN to do it (timing)
-How precise (success)
-HOW long/often

Question 10

Damage to sense organs

Answer 10

Vision, hearing and touch have contralateral projections
Smell has ipsilateral projections

Question 11

Ratio of DCD in males and females

Answer 11

Male to female
Between 2:1and 7:1

Question 12

Achromatopsia

Answer 12

Rare disorder in which colour is not recognised

Question 13

Aguesia

Answer 13

Loss of sense of taste

Question 14

Anosmia

Answer 14

Impaired sense of smell

Question 15

Asterognosia

Answer 15

Inability to recognize an object on the basis of its three dimensionality

Question 16

Autotopagnosia

Answer 16

Inability to identify parts of ones body

Question 17

Barognosia

Answer 17

Inability to estimate weight when objects are placed in affected hand

Question 18

Graphestheia

Answer 18

Difficulty recognising shapes or letters written on the hand

Question 19

Hypesthesia

Answer 19

Diminished capacity for physical sensation

Question 20

Kinesthesia

Answer 20

Conscious awareness of joint position and body movement in space

Question 21

Pallinopsia

Answer 21

Visual perseveration of a stimulus no longer present

Question 22

Parosmia

Answer 22

Abnormal sense of smell

Question 23

Apraxia

Answer 23

Inability to plan and execute a learned voluntary movement smoothly

Question 24

Asterixis

Answer 24

Motor disturbance characterised by a sporadic limb contraction followed by a slower return to extension

Question 25

Ataxia

Answer 25

Incoordination of movement

Question 26

Clonus

Answer 26

Rapid repetitive alternating muscle contraction and relaxation

Question 27

Diplegia

Answer 27

Form of cerebral palsy affecting the legs

Question 28

Dysphagia

Answer 28

Impaired ability to chew or swallow food or liquid

Question 29

Dystonia

Answer 29

Involuntary muscle contractions

Question 30

Brain area involved in face recognition

Answer 30

Inferior temporal lobe-Fusiform gyrus
Associated with bilateral lesions or right hemispheric lesions

Question 31

Tests of visuospatial perception

Answer 31

Block design test from WISC-V
WISC-V Integrated

Question 32

Sensory memory

Answer 32

High capacity for info but very short life
2 types:
Visual memory- Iconic
Auditory memory- Echoic

Question 33

Short term memory

Answer 33

Limited capacity for information and a long duration based on continual rehearsal

Question 34

Levels of processing model

Answer 34

The more meaningfully a stimulus item is processed, the more it is consolidated and stored in long-term memory.

Question 35

Brain area responsible for consolidation from immediate to LT memory

Answer 35

Hippocampus