Week 5: Chapter 25 Terms

Question 1

Bladder cancer

Answer 1

Bladder cancer, three times more common in men than women, accounts for about 2% of all cancer deaths. It usually involved neoplasms of the bladder’s lining epithelium and may be induced by carcinogens from the environment or the workplace that end up in urine. Smoking, exposure to industrial chemicals, and arsenic in drinking water have also been linked to bladder cancer. Blood in urine is a common warning sign.

Question 2

Cystocele

Answer 2

Herniation of the urinary bladder into the vagina; a common result of the tearing of the pelvic floor muscles during childbirth.

Question 3

Cytoscopy

Answer 3

Procedure in which a thin viewing tube is threaded into the bladder through the urethra to examine to bladder’s mucosal surface.

Question 4

Diabetes insipidus

Answer 4

See chapter 16. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is due to lack of ADH receptors in the collecting duct.

Question 5

Glomerulonephritis (GN)

Answer 5

Inflammation of the glomeruli, leading to increased permeability of the filtration membrane. In some cases, circulating immune complexes (antibodies bound to foreign substance, such as steptococcal bacteria) become trapped in the glomerular basement membranes. In other cases, immune responses are mounted against one’s own kidney tissues, leading to glomerular damage. In either case, the inflammatory response that follows damages the filtration membrane, allowing blood proteins and even blood cells to pass into renal tubules into the urine. As the osmotic pressure of blood drops, fluid seeps from the blood stream into the tissue spaces, causing body wide edema. Renal shutdown requiring dialysis may occur temporarily, but normal renal function usually returns within a few months. If permanent glomerular damage occurs, acute GN becomes chronic GN and ultimately renal failure results.

Question 6

Intravenal pyelogram

Answer 6

An X ray of the kidneys and ureters obtained after intravenous injection of a contrast medium

Question 7

Nephrotoxin

Answer 7

A substance (heavy metal, organic solvent, or bacterial toxin) that is toxic to the kidneys

Question 8

Nocturnal enuresis (NE)

Answer 8

An inability to control urination at night during sleep ; bed-wetting. In children over 6, called primary NE if control has never been achieved and then lost. Secondary NE often has psychological causes. Primary NE is more common and results from a combination of inadequate nocturnal ADH production. unusually sound sleep, or a small bladder capacity. Synthetic ADH often corrects the problem.

Question 9

Renal infarct

Answer 9

Area of dead, or necrotic, renal tissue due to blockage of the vascular supply to the kidney or hemorrhage. A common cause of localised renal infarct is an obstructed interlobar artery. Because interlobar arteries fo not anastomose, their obstruction leads to ischemic necrosis of the portions of the kidney they supply.

Question 10

Urologist

Answer 10

Physician who specialises in diseases of urinary structures in both sexes and in diseases of the reproductive tract of males.