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Bio 101 exam 2 > week 5-7 > Flashcards

week 5-7 Flashcards

1
Q

leaf venation of monocots and dicot

A

monocot are parallel and dicots are netted with midvein

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2
Q

stomata

A

opening and closing of a leaf, lets in co2 and out o2

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3
Q

blade/lamina

A

leaf

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4
Q

in what type of environment are you likely to find C4 and CAM plants?

A

In hot environment

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5
Q

C4 plant examples

A

Corn, sugarcane

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6
Q

Cam plant examples

A

cactus

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7
Q

How do plants use the sugars that are produced in Photosynthesis

A

Use for cellular respiration , cellulose, starch, carbohydrates, etc

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8
Q

How do C4 separate C in order to reduce photorespiration

A

When carbon enters the plant through the stomata, an enzymes called PEP carboxylase convert carbon to Oxaloacteate (4C). The 4C is stored as Malic acid in bundle sheath, where there is no O2 present. It release carbon where there is no O2.

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9
Q

How do CAM separate C in oder to reduce photorespiration

A

Since it is so hot in the desert, the stomata only opens at night to conserve water. When Carbon enter at night via the leaves, PEP carboxylase turns Carbon to oxaloactetes, tuned into Malic acid, then stored in the vacuoles. In the day, malic acid release the carbon in to the calvin cycle

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10
Q

where is malic acid stored for cam plants

A

vacuole

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11
Q

where is malic acid stored in C4 plants

A

In the bundle sheath

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12
Q

what is the role of PEP Carboxylase in C4 and CAM plants

A

To convert carbon into oxaloacetete

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13
Q

CAM

A

Crassulacean acid metabolism

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14
Q

what is photorespiration

A

when the ratio between carbon and oxygen is too high. There is so much O2 that Rubisco binds to O2 instead of CO2.

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15
Q

Why is photorespiration bad

A

Since rubisco does not bind to CO2 no sugar is made! its a waste of energy and co2, a waste of photosynthesis

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16
Q

under what conditions does photorespiration occur

A

in hot conditions. The stomata does not open in order to conserve water. There is a build up of O2 causing rubisco to bind with O2

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17
Q

what 2 molecules are used to make G3P/PGAL

A

carbon and NADH

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18
Q

what is carbon fixation

A

the process of taking the carbon from co2 and turning them into glucose.

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19
Q

what is the role of rubisco

A

is an enzymes that starts the calvin cycle

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20
Q

what is chemiosmosis

A

H ions move to the stromata

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21
Q

how chemiosmosis work?

A

released energy from ETC pump H ion into the thylakiod space, making a high concentration. Chemiosmosis, through the process of osmosis will try to equalize the concentration through the ATP Synthase. Movement of H ions is used to convert ADP to ATP.

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22
Q

From where does Photosystem 1 get its electrons from the ETC.

A

from photosystem 2, specifically plastocyanin

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23
Q

what occurs in photosystem 1

A

Ps takes electrons from plastocyanin, does to the reaction center, where lights electron also enter the reaction center. Electron get excited, then go through a iron and sulfur complex. The NADP is reduced (gains e) to NAHD

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24
Q

From where does photosystem 2 gets its electron from the ETC

A

From light entering the stomata

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25
what occurs in photosystem 2
Lights that enters from the stomata, is captured at the reaction centers, light bounces losing electron. But water is split with the help of manganese to give electron. Electrons are then passed to the ETC.
26
what is the function of light harvesting complexes
to build up electrons to pass on
27
what is the function of light harvesting complexes
to build up electrons to pass on
28
what is antenna complexes
picks up photons of light
29
what is the reaction center
captures energy from excited electron. When photons hits chlorophyll molecules, it knocks electron to a higher energy, to get even more energized.
30
what are two main stages of photosynthesis?
lights reaction and carbon fixation reaction
31
where does two main stages of photosynthesis occur
Light reaction occurs in thylakoids and carbon fixation occurs in the stomata
32
inputs of carbon fixation
co2, atp, and nadph
33
outputs of carbon fixation
glucose
34
inputs of light reaction
light particles
35
outputs of light reaction
ATP, nadph,
36
is photosynthesis endergonic or exergonic
endergonic process, needs energy to turn co2 into glucose
37
what is the source of energy that is used to fuel photosynthesis
sunlight/light
38
Chlorophyll contain
Porphyrin ring with N and Mg, and a hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail.
39
how is chlorophyll structure relate to thylakoid membrane?
Gives thylakoid its color, and thylakoid membrane is made from a phosolipid layer???
40
what colors of lights are good for providing energy
red, blue, violet,
41
what colors is not so good for providing energy
green
42
what is an antioxidant
it inhibits oxidation
43
why is antioxidant important
it removes oxidizing agents, helps to protect the leaves.
44
what is the key function of cartenoids
serves as a antioxidant
45
chlorophyll a
essential pigment!! absorbs blue-violet and red, reflects green.
46
chlorophyll b
absorbs blue and orange, reflects green
47
carotenoids
absorbs violet, blue and green reflects: yellow, orange and red
48
what are photoautotrophs
do photosynthesis
49
what group of life are photoautotrophs found
plant, algae, bacteria
50
what four properties of water make it especially well suited for sustaining life?
its cohesive, ability to resist temp.change, becomes less dense when frozen, great solvent.
51
why does water have cohesion
Due to hydrogen bonds attracting to one another Cohesion also provide surface tension
52
why is water a good solvent
due its polar molecules
53
passive transport
the ability for solvent to move without energy.
54
facilitated diffusion
using protein channels to move molecules
55
Cohesion Tension Theory
water is able to move up against gravity because the Xylem is polar. Since water is also polar its able to sticks to the xylem and move up
56
What is Guttation, how does it relate to root pressure
the process of secretion of water droplets from the pores of some vascular plants. Ions are pumped into the root cells causing water to move into the roots via the xylem. too much ions make a hypertonic environment causing water to leave through the leaves/
57
what is pressure flow theory
glow from the "source" to "sink". Sugar is pumped through active transport from the source into campanion cells, then in the phloem . water diffuses into phloem increasing pressure.
58
with respects to Pressure Flow Theory, what is the source
source is where there is lots of sugar
59
with respects to Pressure Flow Theory, what is the sink
Sink is the root cell
60
what are hydrophytes
plants that live in water environments. are composed of aerenchyma cells/tissue to float. Have sclereids embedded into plant to protect from predation. As well as, guard cells at the top of the plant
61
what are mesophytes
areas that are not too wet, not too cold. Cuticles are often waxy. Stomata is on the bottom of leaves and with trichomes for protection (fine hair).
62
what are xerophytes
plants that live in hot, dry environments. They have sunken stomata in crypt to retain water
63
tendrils
leaf modification, helps leaves climb
64
spines
lead modification, for protection
65
carnivorous plants
photosynthetic and heterotrophic b/c the soil is low on nutrients
66
succulent leaves
leaf modification, fleshy and thick to help store water
67
what type of meristem do grasses have? why?
Apical meristem, pushes new leaves up causing grass to push the new leaves up
68
function of stems
competing with other plants, gives support, strength, and height
69
How do primary stems differ from secondary stems
Primary are green and soft, they grow upwards. Secondary stems are tough and woody grow outwards
70
lateral meristem are
secondary growth, are vascular cambium and cork cambium
71
what tissue does the vascular cambium give rise to?
xylem and phloem
72
what tissue is produced by cork cambium
meristematic tissue. Cork is there to protect trees from insects
73
what is the function of the lenticels found on woody stems
allow for gas exchange. Stems also need O2
74
why do some trees have annual growth growth
Due to seasonal change
75
earlywood refers to
Springwood, appears light colored rings. Big xylem and phloem.
76
latewood refers to
Summer wood, appears dark colored rings. Smaller xylem and phloem
77
4 external factors that affect plant growth
temperature, lights, gravity, day length (indicator where we are seasonally.
78
what internal factor affect plant growth
hormones, they are chemical signals
79
how did the experiment of Charles and Francis, demonstrate that internal factors with external influences to produce growth response to light
shows that hormones are sensitive to external factors. When they places the plant upside down it follows the rules of gravity and still grew upwards
80
3 hormones in plants
Auxin, Ethylene, Gibberelins(GA)
81
the effects of auxin
apical dominance- apical meristem makes auxin which inhibits the lateral branches to grow. Weak apical meristem= less auxin= many branches Strong apical meristem= more auxin=less branches
82
effects of auxin
elongation of cells in stems auxins stems to becomes more elastic in roots auxin inhibits cell elongation. phototropism, and inhibits leaf and fruit abscission
83
effects of ethylene
ripens fruit and causes leaf and fruit abscission
84
effects of gibberelins
cause stems to elongates, because low lights conditions aka etiolation. Causes plants to grow faster in the dark
85
leaf and fruit abscission
loss of leaf and ripened fruit
86
what is evolution
a genetic change in population over generations
87
what is microevolution
changes in gene pool of a population
88
what is microevolution
evolution at or above the species level
89
How did charles Lyell Priniciple of Geology influence darwins thoughts?
90
How did charles Lyell Priniciple of Geology influence darwins thoughts?
influenced the idea of uniformitarianism, that process that have happened in the past are still play during the current day and we can look at process that have happened in the past to tell us what's happening
91
thomas Malthus
stated that too many people, less food and supplies. darwin applied this theory to animals
92
2 primary components of Darwins theory of evolution
descent with modification and natural selection- the ones best suited for their environments will survive.
93
is natural selection goal oriented or a creative process
NO! things will naturally evolve to what best suits the environment. not a creative process because traits will appear....
94
population genetic
the gene pool of a certain population
95
gene pool
allele frequency in a population
96
genetic drift
a change in allele frequency, an allele could be lost.
97
5 potential causes of evolution
mutations, natural selection, sexual selection, genetic drift, and gene flow
98
bottleneck effect
when a natural disaster occurs decreasing the population, losing variation
99
founder effect
population decreases as they go into different area
100
2 sources of genetic variation
Mutation and sexual reproduction
101
how does sexual reproduction lead to variation
two parents carrying different genes leads to variation in genes. The crossing over of chromosomes.

Bio 101 exam 2 (1 decks)

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