Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HB2 Midterm > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common white cell in the blood?

Is it a granulocyte or an agranulocyte?

A
  • neutrophil

- granulocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What forms platelets?

How long do platelets live for?

A
  • megakaryocyte fragments

- 7 to 10 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the lifespan of a neutrophil?

A

7 hours in the blood, and then a few days in the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the lifespan of a lymphocyte?

A

it can live for years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

If your reticulocyte count is LOW, what type of problem is it likely?

A

production problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

If your reticulocyte count is HIGH, what type of problem is it likely?

A

destruction problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some common reasons for an increased WBC count?

A

infection, reactive conditions, inflammation, drug effects (prednisone), and malignancies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What lives in the intertubercular groove of the humerus?

A

the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the function of glenohumoral ligaments?

A

they give strength and stability to the shoulder joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In the posterior compartment of the arm, what is the major nerve for innervation of those muscles?
What is the common action of those muscles?

A
  • radial nerve

- elbow extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In the anterior compartment of the arm, what is the major nerve for innervation of those muscles?
What is the common action of those muscles?

A
  • musculocutaneous nerve

- elbow flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where do the heads of the biceps insert?

What joint or joints does this act on?

A

Short: goes to the coracoid process
Long: tendon runs through the intertubercular groove and into the glenoid fossa
-acts on both the shoulder and elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the brachialis muscle do?

A

it crosses the elbow and is a strong flexor of the elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Triceps:
Where do they attach at the top?
Where do they attach at the bottom?
What joint or joints does it act on?

A
  • long head crosses the shoulder to attach, lateral and medial attach on the humerus below the shoulder
  • all attach to the ulna at the elbow
  • acts mildly on the shoulder, but strongly on the elbow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the action of the supraspinatus?

What is its innervation?

A
  • initiates abduction of the shoulder

- suprascapular nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the actions of the infraspinatus and teres minor?

A

lateral rotation of the humerus at the shoulder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the action of the subscapularis?

A

medial rotation of the humerus at the shoulder and some abduction of the shoulder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the action of the coracobrachialis?

A

flexion and adduction of the shoulder joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What compartment in the arm does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?
What muscles are these?

A
  • the anterior compartment of the arm

- the biceps, coracobrachialis, and brachialis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What compartment does the radial nerve innervate in the arm?

What muscles are there?

A
  • posterior compartment of the arm

- triceps and anconeus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What spinal nerves give rise to the brachial plexus?

What is the order of the divisions?

A
  • C5-8 and T1

- roots, trunks, divisions, cords, branches (Robert Taylor Drinks Cold Beer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the names of the cords?

Why are they named this way?

A
  • lateral, medial, and posterior

- they are named in regards to their position around the axillary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which cord is not part of the “M”?

A

the posterior cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the axillary nerve innervate?

A

the teres minor and deltoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What innervates the deltoid?

What is the function of the deltoid?

A
  • the axillary nerve
  • abduction of the shoulder; medial rotation and flexion of the shoulder (anterior fibers), and lateral rotation and extension of the shoulder (posterior fibers)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What innervates the teres minor?

A

the axillary nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What borders the Quadrangular Space?

What runs through there?

A
  • teres major, teres minor, long head of the triceps, and the humerus
  • axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What borders the Triangular Space?

What runs through there?

A
  • teres major, humerus, and long head of the triceps

- radial nerve and profunda brachii artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What nerve does the brachial artery follow?

A

the median nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What nerves do NOT innervate anything in the arm?

A

median and ulnar nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

In which compartment of the arm are the flexor muscles?

A

the anterior compartment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What muscles cause retraction of the scapula?

A

trapezius, rhomboid major, and rhomboid minor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What muscle causes external rotation of the scapula?

What nerve innervates this muscle?

A
  • the serratus anterior

- the long thoracic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is opposition of the thumb?

Damage to what will impair opposition of the thumb?

A
  • touching the thumb to the other fingers

- damage to the thenar compartment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the name changes of the subclavian artery as it travels through the upper extremity? What are the borders where it changes names?

A

Subclavian, past the 1st rib anteriorly becomes the axillary, past the teres major becomes the brachial, at cubital space splits into radial and ulnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where is the autonomous testing area for the ulnar nerve?

A

the distal part of the 5th digit on the palmar side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where is the autonomous testing area for the radial nerve?

A

on the back of the hand near the webbing between the thumb and index finger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where is the autonomous testing area for the median nerve?

A

the distal part of the 2nd digit on the palmar side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the nerves that go to the hand?

A

median, radial, and ulnar nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What nerve runs along the posterior side of the humerus in the upper arm?

A

the radial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What nerves travel through the upper arm but do not innervate anything there?

A

the median and ulnar nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What does the superficial branch of the radial nerve do?

What does the deep branch do?

A

Superficial: innervates skin for sensation
Deep: innervates muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm and some things in the hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What nerve passes through the supinator?

Where is it going?

A
  • the deep branch of the radial nerve

- to the posterior compartment of the forearm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

In the posterior compartment of the forearm, what is the common nerve?
Any exceptions?
What are the common actions of the muscles there?

A
  • radial nerve
  • no
  • wrist and digit extension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

In the anterior compartment of the forearm, what is the common nerve?
Any exceptions?
What are the common actions of the muscles there?

A
  • median nerve
  • yes, ulnar nerve innervates half of the flexor digitorum profundus and the flexor carpii ulnaris
  • flexion of the wrist and fingers, with some elbow flexion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What nerve runs through the carpal tunnel?

What tendons run through it?

A
  • the median nerve

- tendons of the superficial and deep flexors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What nerve controls most of the actions of the thumb?

A

the median nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What do the annular ligaments of the fingers do?

A

they hold the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus tendons to the bones to allow flexion of the fingers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What do interosseous and lumbrical muscles do in the hand?

Where do they attach?

A
  • cause flexion of the MP joint (the 1st knuckle) and extension of the IP joints (keeping the fingers straight)
  • they attach to the extensor hood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Where are most of the muscles located that the ulnar nerve innervates?
What are the exceptions?

A
  • in the hand
  • ulnar nerve innervates half of the flexor digitorum profundus and the flexor carpii ulnaris in the anterior compartment of the forearm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What ligaments provide stability during flexion and extension of the elbow?

A

the ulnar and radial collateral ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What ligament allows the radius to rotate for pronation and supination of the hand?

A

the annular ligament of the radius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

When the hand is pronated, what muscle causes it to supinate?

A

the biceps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What muscle’s tendons run all the way to the distal bones of fingers 2-5 to cause flexion?
What joint does this act on?

A
  • the flexor digitorum profundus

- the distal IP joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What muscle’s tendons run all the way to the distal bones of fingers 2-5 to cause extension?
What joint does this act on?

A
  • the extensor digitorum

- the distal IP joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What muscle’s tendon only runs to the 2nd finger in the posterior compartment?
What is its action?

A
  • the extensor indicis

- extension of the 2nd finger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are the superficial muscles in the forearm that all originate off of the common flexor tendon of the medial epicondyle of the humerus?

A
  1. pronator teres
  2. flexor carpii radialis
  3. palmaris longus
  4. flexor carpii ulnaris
  5. > > > > > > > >
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What major veins drain the forearm and hands?

What connects them?

A
  • cephalic vein, on the lateral side
  • basilic vein, on the medial side
  • connected by the median cubital vein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What muscle does the median nerve travel between near the median aspect of the cubital space?

A

the humeral and ulnar heads of the pronator teres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Which carpal has the strongest articulation with the radius?

A

the scaphoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What makes the “roof” of the carpal tunnel?

A

the transverse carpal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Where does the hypothenar compartment act on?

A

only the 5th digit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Where is the anatomic snuff box?

What lives here?

A
  • the space between the extensor pollicus longus and the extensor pollicus brevis/abductor pollicis longus
  • the radial artery and the superficial branch of the radial nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

How many trunks are in the brachial plexus?

What are they called?

A

-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

How many divisions are in the brachial plexus?
What are they called?
How many of each?

A
  • 3 anterior divisions

- 3 posterior divisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What are the terminal branches of the brachial plexus from lateral to medial?

A
  1. musculocutaneous
  2. axillary
  3. radial
  4. median
  5. ulnar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What are the branches of the brachial plexus that give off sensory innervation to the arm and forearm?

A

Arm: medial brachial cutaneous nerve
Forearm: medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What are the ways that CO2 can be transported in the blood stream?
Which one is the most used method?*

A
  1. can combine with a Hb molecule
  2. can combine with water to make bicarbonate and a hydrogen ion**
  3. in its dissolved state
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What is the chloride shift?

A

bicarbonate ions can be exchanged for chloride ions by the bicarbonate/chloride exchanger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is the Haldane effect?

A

The hydrogen ion released by the bicarb system binds Hb and decreases its affinity for O2. This releases O2 into the tissues and increases the ability of CO2 to bind Hb.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

How does hyperventilation affect arterial PCO2?

A

decreases arterial PCO2

72
Q

How does hypoventilation affect arterial PCO2?

A

increases arterial PCO2

73
Q

How is a pressure of a gas related to its volume?

A

inversely

74
Q

What does the amount of gas that can dissolve into a fluid depend on?

A
  • the solubility of that gas into that fluid
  • temperature of the fluid
  • partial pressure of the gas
75
Q

What is the total pressure of a gas mixture equal to?

A

the sums of the pressures that each gas exerts independently

76
Q

How do you calculate the volume of air ventilated per minute (VE)?

A

breathing frequency x tidal volume

77
Q

How do you calculate the amount of ambient air reaching the alveoli per minute?

A

breathing frequency x (tidal volume - physiological dead space)

78
Q

What is the alveolar gas equation?

A

PAO2 = PIO2 - (PACO2/R) + k

79
Q

What is the normal value for R (respiratory exchange ratio) in the alveolar gas equation?

A

0.8

80
Q

How do you define alveolar ventilation?

A

the amount of air to get to the alveoli for gas exchange

81
Q

How do you define minute ventilation?

A

the amount of air in and out of the lungs per minute, including dead space

82
Q

What are the values for CO2 and O2 concentration inside the alveoli?

A

O2: 102 mmHg
CO2: 40 mmHg

83
Q

What are the values for CO2 and O2 concentration in the returning venous blood in the lungs?

A

O2: 40 mmHg
CO2: 45 mmHg

84
Q

What are the values for CO2 and O2 concentrations in inspired air?

A

O2: 160 mmHg
CO2: ~0 mmHg

85
Q

What are the steps in moving air from the alveoli to tissues?

A
  1. move O2 from alveoli to the blood plasma
  2. move O2 from the plasma to Hb in RBCs
  3. remove O2 from Hb and move it into working tissues
86
Q

How does area affect diffusion rate in the lungs?

A

the larger the area, the higher the diffusion rate

87
Q

What is the primary driver for O2 diffusion in the lungs?

A

pressure gradient

88
Q

How does thickness of the membrane affect diffusion rate in the lungs?

A

the thicker the membrane, the slower the diffusion

89
Q

What can limit the transport of CO?

A

ONLY something that affects its diffusion because it binds quickly to Hb so there is always a large gradient present

90
Q

How do you calculate total oxygen concentration in the blood?

A

(O2 binding capacity of Hb x % saturation) + dissolved O2

91
Q

What is the oxygen saturation of venous blood?

A

75%

92
Q

What is the effect of a shift to the right of the oxygen P50 curve?
What can cause it?

A
  • shift to the right causes unloading

- increased PCO2, decreased pH (increase H+ concentration), increased temperature, increased 2,3BPG

93
Q

What is the effect of a shift to the left of the oxygen P50 curve?
What can cause it?

A
  • shift to the left causes loading

- decreased PCO2, increased pH (decrease H+ concentration), decreased temperature, decreased 2,3BPG

94
Q

In the respiratory system, what are the:
sensors?
controllers?
effectors?

A
  • Sensors = chemoreceptors, lung, and others
  • Controllers = mostly the medulla, but also the pons and other parts of the brain
  • Effectors = respiratory muscles
95
Q

What do the peripheral chemoreceptors sense?

Where are they located?

A
  • oxygen, CO2, and pH

- the aortic and carotid areas

96
Q

What do the central chemoreceptors sense?

Where are they located?

A
  • directly to pH and indirectly to CO2 (NOT O2)

- in the brain

97
Q

What things fine tune the inspiratory center?

A

the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers

98
Q

What is another name for the Dorsal Respiratory Group?
What is it responsible for?
What does it activate?
Where is it located?

A
  • the inspiratory center
  • the basic rhythm of breathing
  • the phrenic nerve and inspiratory muscles
  • in the medulla oblongata
99
Q

What is another name for the Ventral Respiratory Group?
Where is it located?
When is it active?

A
  • the expiratory center
  • in the medulla oblongata
  • not during quiet breathing, but during exercise or stress
100
Q

What is the apneustic center responsible for?

Where is it located?

A
  • inspiratory gasps

- the pons

101
Q

What is the pneumotaxic center responsible for?

Where is it located?

A
  • provides inhibitory impulses on inspiration to prevent overfilling of the lungs
  • the pons
102
Q

What role does the cerebral cortex play in breathing?

A

can override the basic rhythm of normal breathing, to a certain extent

103
Q

What role does the hypothalamus and limbic system play in breathing?

A

can be activated in times of fear, anger, or excitement

104
Q

Can H+ cross the BBB?

Can CO2?

A

H+ cannot cross the BBB

CO2 can cross the BBB

105
Q

Can H+ cross the CSF-brain barrier

Can CO2?

A

both can cross the CSF-brain barrier

106
Q

How does the central chemoreceptor receive its signal?

A
  1. CO2 in the capillary crosses the BBB (H+ cannot)
  2. CO2 crosses the brain-CSF barrier into the CSF
  3. CO2 combines with the bicarb system to produce H+ ions
  4. H+ crosses the brain-CSF barrier into the medulla
  5. H+ binds central chemoreceptors
107
Q

What gets activated in the peripheral chemoreceptors?
What things can activate it?
How does activation work?

A
  • type I glomus cells
  • hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidosis
    1. inhibition of K+ channels
    2. depolarization of the membrane
    3. opening of votlage-gate Ca channels
    4. release of neurotransmitters
    5. bind to afferent nerve fibers and conduct signals
108
Q

Where are pulmonary stretch receptors located?
What do they sense?
What do they do?

A
  • smooth muscle layers of conducting airways
  • increased stretch
  • causes increased firing rate, which inhibits the inspiratory area
109
Q

Where are the irritant receptors located?
What do they sense?
What do they do?

A
  • in large conducting airways
  • touch or noxious gases
  • broncoconstriction for protection
110
Q

Where are the juxtapulmonary capillary receptors located?
What do they sense?
What do they do?

A
  • in alveolar walls near capillaries
  • engorgement of capillaries
  • increase ventilation with rapid, shallow breathing when pulmonary capillaries are pathologically engorged, such as in heart failure or pulmonary edema
111
Q

At what point does O2 become the primary driver for respiration over CO2?

A

when PO2 is close to or below 60 mmHg

112
Q

How does an increase in cardiac output affect pulmonary vascular resistance?

A

increases in CO lead to a decrease in PVR

113
Q

How does increased PAP decrease PVR?

A

by recruitment and distension

114
Q

At what point does the lowest PVR occur?

A

at the FRC

115
Q

In the lungs, what does local hypoxia cause?

What does this attempt to do?

A
  • vasoconstriction to the blood vessels supplying it (opposite of the systemic capillaries)
  • tries to improve V/Q matching by sending blood to better ventilated alvoeli
116
Q

In the lungs, what happens during generalized hypoxia?

When does this usually occur?

A
  • substantial vasoconstriction in the lungs, leading to an increased PVR
  • extreme cases of lung disease or high altitude
117
Q

In an upright lung, where is pulmonary blood flow the greatest?

A

at the base

118
Q

For zone 1 in the lung, place in order of largest to smallest the arterial pressure, alveolar pressure, and venous pressure.

A 
largest = alveolar pressure
middle = arterial pressure
smallest = venous pressure
119
Q

For zone 2 in the lung, place in order of largest to smallest the arterial pressure, alveolar pressure, and venous pressure.

A 
largest = arterial pressure
middle = alveolar pressure
smallest = venous pressure
120
Q

For zone 3 in the lung, place in order of largest to smallest the arterial pressure, alveolar pressure, and venous pressure.

A 
largest = arterial pressure
middle = venous pressure
smallest = alveolar pressure
121
Q

Where in the lung are most alveoli located?

A

zone 2

122
Q

How much of the lung is dead space?

A

about 30%

123
Q

How do you calculate PAO2?

A

PAO2 = PIO2 - (PACO2/R) + k

124
Q

What is the clinical definition for hypoventilation?

A

PACO2 greater than 40 mmHg

125
Q

Where in the lung is ventilation the highest?

A

the base of the lung

126
Q

Where in the lung is alveolar compliance the highest?

A

the base of the lung

127
Q

Where in the lung is alveolar size the highest?

A

the apex of the lung

128
Q 
What are the relative values at the apex of the lung:
blood flow
ventilation
V/Q ratio
PO2
PCO2
A 
blood flow- very low
ventilation- low
V/Q ratio- high
PO2- high
PCO2- low
129
Q 
What are the relative values at the base of the lung:
blood flow
ventilation
V/Q ratio
PO2
PCO2
A 
blood flow- very high
ventilation- high
V/Q ratio- low
PO2- low
PCO2- high
130
Q

What is the normal A-a gradient?

A

around 5 to 10

131
Q

What are the causes of hypoxemia?

A
  1. decreases in PIO2 (such as at altitude)
  2. hypoventilation (lungs healthy, ex drug OD)
  3. diffusional limitations (things that affect the alveolar capillary membrane)
  4. V/Q mismatch in upright lung (can be caused by COPD)
  5. right to left shunt (bypass of lungs)
132
Q

Which cause of hypoxemia does not respond to O2 therapy?

A

a right to left shunt

133
Q

What is the action of the trapezius’ superior, middle, and inferior fibers?
What is its innervation?

A
  • Superior: extension of the head and neck, and upward rotation, retraction, and elevation of the scapula
  • Middle: retraction of the scapula
  • Inferior: upward rotation, retraction, and depression of the scapula
  • Innervation: accessory nerve, CN XI
134
Q

What is the infraspinatus innervated by?

What is its action?

A
  • suprascapular nerve

- lateral rotation of the shoulder

135
Q

What is the action of the teres major?

What is its innervation?

A
  • adduction, medial rotation, and extension of the shoulder

- lower subscapular nerve

136
Q

What is the action of the subscapularis?

What is its innervation?

A
  • medial rotation of the shoulder

- upper and lower subscapular nerves

137
Q

What is the superior trunk of the brachial plexus formed by?
The middle trunk?
The inferior trunk?

A

Superior: C5 and C6
Middle: C7
Inferior: C8 and T1

138
Q

What slightly widens and deepens the glenoid cavity?

A

a lip of fibrocartilage called the glenoid labrum

139
Q

What divides the arm into an anterior and posterior compartment?

A

an intermuscular septa

140
Q

What are the flexors of the arm?

A
  1. biceps brachii
  2. coracobrachialis
  3. brachialis
141
Q

What are the extensors of the arm?

A
  1. triceps brachii

2. anconeous

142
Q

What is the action of the anconeous?

What is its innervation?

A
  • extension of the elbow

- the radial nerve

143
Q

What does the cubital fossa contain?

A

the median nerve, the brachial artery, and the tendon of the biceps brachii

144
Q

What are the superficial flexors of the forearm?

A
  1. pronator teres
  2. flexor carpi radialis
  3. palmaris longus
  4. flexor carpi ulnaris
  5. flexor digitorum superficialis
145
Q

What are the deep flexors of the forearm?

A
  1. flexor pollicis longus
  2. flexor digitorum profundus
  3. pronator quadratus
146
Q

What are the superficial extensors of the forearm?

A
  1. brachioradialis
  2. extensor carpi radialis longus
  3. extensor carpi radialis brevis
  4. extensor digitorum
  5. extensor digiti minimi
  6. extensor carpi ulnaris
147
Q

What are the deep extensors of the forearm?

A
  1. supinator
  2. abductor pollicis longus
  3. extensor pollicis brevis
  4. extensor pollicis longus
  5. extensor indicis
148
Q

Pronator teres:
Which compartment?
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • superficial flexor of the forearm, anterior
  • pronation of the forearm
  • median nerve
149
Q

Flexor carpi radialis:
Which compartment?
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • superficial flexor of the forearm, anterior
  • flexion and abduction of the wrist
  • median nerve
150
Q

Palmaris longus:
Which compartment?
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • superficial flexor of the forearm, anteior
  • flexion of the wrist
  • median nerve
151
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris:
Which compartment?
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • superficial flexor of the forearm, anterior
  • flexion and adduction of the wrist
  • ulnar nerve
152
Q

Flexor digitorum superficialis:
Which compartment?
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • superficial flexor of the forearm, anterior
  • flexion of the MP joint and proximal IP joints of digits 2-5; flexion of the wrist
  • median nerve
153
Q

Flexor pollicis longus:
Which compartment?
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • deep flexor of the forearm, anterior
  • flexion of the IP, MP and carpometacarpal joints of the thumb; flexion of the wrist
  • anterior interosseous nerve, a branch of the median nerve
154
Q

Flexor digitorum profundus:
Which compartment?
Action?
Innervation?

A

-deep flexor of the forearm, anterior
-flexion of the distal IP, proximal IP, and MP joints of fingers 2-5; flexion of the wrist
-Lateral half: anterior interosseous nerve, a branch of the median nerve
Medial half: ulnar nerve

155
Q

Pronator quadratus:
Which compartment?
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • deep flexor of the forearm, anterior
  • pronation of the forearm
  • anterior interosseous nerve, a branch of the median nerve
156
Q

Brachioradialis:
Which compartment?
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • superficial extensor of the forearm, posterior
  • flexion of the elbow
  • radial nerve
157
Q

Extensor carpi radialis longus:
Which compartment?
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • superficial extensor of the forearm, posterior
  • extension and abduction of the wrist; flexion of the elbow
  • radial nerve
158
Q

Extensor carpi radialis brevis:
Which compartment?
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • superficial extensor of the forearm, posterior
  • extension and abduction of the wrist
  • deep branch of the radial nerve
159
Q

Extensor digitorum:
Which compartment?
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • superficial extensor of the forearm, posterior
  • extension of the MP and IP joints of digits 2-5; extension of the wrist
  • posterior interosseous nerve, a branch of the radial nerve
160
Q

Extensor digiti minimi:
Which compartment?
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • superficial extensor of the forearm, posterior
  • extension of the MP and IP joints of the 5th digit
  • posterior interosseous nerve, a branch of the radial nerve
161
Q

Extensor carpi ulnaris:
Which compartment?
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • superficial extensor of the forearm, posterior
  • extension and adduction of the wrist
  • posterior interosseous nerve, a branch of the radial nerve
162
Q

Supinator:
Which compartment?
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • deep extensor of the forearm, posterior
  • supination of the forearm and hand
  • deep branch of the radial nerve
163
Q

Abductor pollicis longus:
Which compartment?
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • deep extensor of the forearm, posterior
  • abduction, extension, and lateral rotation of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb; abduction and flexion of the wrist
  • posterior interosseous nerve, a branch of the radial nerve
164
Q

Extensor pollicis brevis:
Which compartment?
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • deep extensor of the forearm, posterior
  • extension of the MP and carpometacarpal joints of the thumb
  • posterior interosseous nerve, a branch of the radial nerve
165
Q

Extensor pollicis longus:
Which compartment?
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • deep extensor of the forearm, posterior
  • extension of the IP, MP, and carpometacarpal joints of the thumb
  • posterior interosseous nerve, a branch of the radial nerve
166
Q

Extensor indicis:
Which compartment?
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • deep extensor of the forearm, posterior
  • extension of the IP and MP joints of the 2nd digit (index finger); extension of the wrist
  • posterior interosseous nerve, a branch of the radial ner
167
Q

What muscles are in the thenar compartment?

A
  1. abductor pollicis brevis
  2. flexor pollicis brevis
  3. opponens pollicis
168
Q

Opponens pollicis:
Which compartment?
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • thenar compartment
  • medial rotation and flexion of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb to allow for opposition to the other digits
  • recurrent branch of the median nerve
169
Q

What muscles are in the hypothenar compartment?

A
  1. abductor digiti minimi
  2. flexor digiti minimi brevis
  3. opponens digiti minimi
170
Q

Abductor digiti minimi:
Which compartment?
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • hypothenar compartment
  • flexion and abduction of the MP joint of digit 5
  • deep branch of the ulnar nerve
171
Q

Flexor digiti minimi brevis:
Which compartment?
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • hypothenar compartment
  • flexion of the MP joint of digit 5
  • deep branch of the ulnar nerve
172
Q

Opponens digiti minimi:
Which compartment?
Action?
Innervation?

A
  • hypothenar compartment
  • lateral rotation and flexion of the carpometacarpal joint of digit 5
  • deep branch of the ulnar nerve
173
Q

What are the major terminal branches that come off of the posterior cord?

A

the radial and axillary

174
Q

What is stroke volume related to?

A

preload and contractility

175
Q

What affects stroke volume?

A

contractility and preload

176
Q

Why would you hear S3?

A

ventricular dilation

177
Q

Why would you hear S4?

A

ventricular hypertrophy

HB2 Midterm (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions