Week 5

Question 1

What is the difference between active and passive vaccinations

Answer 1

Active
- the host (person injected) is producing the antibodies

Passive
- given the antibodies (e.g. horse-produced antibodies from antivenom)
- breastfeeding & placenta

Question 2

describe live attenuated vaccine

Question 3

describe sub something vaccine

Question 4

Innate immune response
- key functions
- timing
- duration
- amplitude
- immunological memory
- self-discriminatory
- receptor diversity
- key mediators

Answer 4

Key functions
- recognition/removal
Timing of Response
- immediate (minutes to hours)
Duration of the response
- short-lived
Amplitude
- stable (one size fits all)
Immunological memory
- No (present at birth)
Self-discriminatory
- Some (PAMPS)
Receptor diversity
- restricted (TLR 1-10)
Key mediators
- physical/cellular/soluble

Question 5

Adaptive immune response
- key functions
- timing
- duration
- amplitude
- immunological memory
- self discriminatory
- receptor diversity
- key mediators

Answer 5

Key functions
- recognition/identification/removal
Timing
- delayed (days to weeks)
Duration
- long-lived
Amplitude
- increases with repeat exposure
Immunological memory
- yes (pathogen and person dependent)
Self discriminatory
- yes (specific recognition)
Receptor diversity
- limitless
Key mediators
- cellular/soluble

Question 6

Physical mediators/mechanical barriers

Answer 6

Skin
- multiple layers (stratified)
- sheds/extrusion/desquamation
- tight cell junctions
- keratinised

Mucous membranes
- stratified (in areas exposed to friction)
- mucous
- cilia
- mucociliary escalator
- peristalsis

Question 7

Cellular mediators
- innate
- adaptive

Answer 7

INNATE
Phagocytic cells (extracellular)
- monocytes/macrophages
- neutrophils
- dendritic cells
NK-cells (viral infection, damaged host)
Eosinophils/basophils/mast cells

ADAPTIVE
Lymphocytes (extracellular)
- B cells (produce plasma cells -> antibodies)
- T cells (cytotoxic Cd8, T-helper CD4)

Question 8

Soluble Factors
- innate
- adaptive

Answer 8

INNATE
Pyrogens
- body temp
Complement
- chemotaxis
- opsonisation
- cell lysis - MAC
- inflammation
Antimicrobial peptides

ADAPTIVE
Antibodies
- IgA (associated with mucous)
- IgM (marker for current active
infection)
- IgG (can cross placenta)
Granzymes/perforins
- produced by T cells going for kill

Question 9

B-cells
- response
- site of lymphocyte maturation
- site of pathogen interaction
- outcome of pathogen interaction

Answer 9

Response
- humoral (blood/body fluids)
Maturation Site
- red bone marrow
Pathogen Interaction Site
- blood body fluids (lymph nodes, spleen)
Outcomes
- neutralisation
- opsonisation (coats outside)
- Agglutination (clumps)
- Complement activation/fixation (connects innate and adaptive arms, recruitment, fever, blood flow, communication)

Question 10

T cells
- response
- site of lymphocyte maturation
- site of pathogen interaction
- outcome of pathogen interaction

Answer 10

Response
- cell-mediated
Maturation Site
- Thymus
Pathogen interaction
- intracellular
Outcomes
- T-helper cells (CD4) recruit
- cytotoxic t-cells (CD8) perform lysis

Question 11

Major Histocompatibility Complex
- MCH-I
- MCH-II

Answer 11

MCH-I
- located on all nucleated cells in the body
(all cells except erythrocytes)
- CD8 presentation -> direct

MCH-II
- located on the surface of all phagocytic cells & antigen-presenting cells
- CD4 presentation